INTFINTFhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=7286922024-03-19T05:41:26Z2024-03-19T05:41:26ZAmulets and OstracaGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=19292382024-01-19T08:50:49Z2024-01-19T08:30:00Z<p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/AmuletsT2.jpg/1f194ab2-7c42-43df-8328-9131258f6aa1?t=1705653690441" style="font-size: 12pt;" /></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Image: T2</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">In an attempt to put the magic back in the <em>Kurzgefaßte Liste</em>, the INTF will be resurrecting the talisman and ostracon numbers.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In the latest issue of JBL (</span><a href="https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/sblpress/jbl/article/142/4/633/384965/Resurrecting-Amulets-and-Ostraca-within-New" style="font-size: 12pt;">142 no. 4 [2023]: 633–655</a><span style="font-size: 12pt;">), Brice Jones and I explore the usefulness of amulets and magical ostraca for New Testament textual criticism. We briefly define these objects and describe how New Testament text is recorded on them. We then survey which amulets and magical ostraca were used in 20th critical editions of the Greek New Testament and why these categories were added and then subsequently removed from the </span><em style="font-size: 12pt;">Kurzgefaßte Liste</em><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Although the essential research is based on Jones’ book,</span><em style="font-size: 12pt;"> <a href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/new-testament-texts-on-greek-amulets-from-late-antiquity-9780567685353/">New Testament Texts on Greek Amulets from Late Antiquity</a></em><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, it was fun to dig further into the history of </span><em style="font-size: 12pt;">Kurzgefaßte Liste</em><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> publications to see exactly what happened to these witnesses. Years ago, I saw an unknown symbol in Nestle</span>’<span style="font-size: 12pt;">s </span><em style="font-size: 12pt;">Novum Testamentum Graece</em><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. It was not until I read Jones’ book that I finally made the connection that it was an amulet, T3.</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/AmuletsT3inN13.jpg/a8c53870-da5a-475d-af99-68288639aa35?t=1705653734629" /></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Image: Citations of T3 (highlighted) in the Nestle 13th edition (1927) at Matt 6:12–13</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Our article, “Resurrecting Amulets and Ostraca in New Testament Textual Criticism,” seeks to explain why the “talisman” and “ostracon” categories have now been continued in the <em>Kurzgefaßte Liste.</em> It highlights the shift in New Testament textual criticism toward an increased appreciation of the social milieu of those who used the biblical text and how this new perspective on the value of amulets and magical ostraca justifies their inclusion in the ECM, CBGM, and the <em>Kurzgefaßte Liste</em>.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Amulets up to T39 and magical ostraca up to Os30 will be catalogued in the <em>Kurzgefaßte Liste </em>as an appendix and will not be included in the tally of Greek New Testament witnesses for now.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span style="vertical-align:super;"><span style="vertical-align:super;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Readers can see how their inclusion affects already cataloged witnesses and how images and transcriptions of these new additions are already accessible in the <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/">NTVMR</a>.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">To find which amulets and magical ostraca have been added to the <em>Liste</em>, in the NTVMR, just type in “t” or “os” in the search field under “name” (or use the six-digit Doc IDs beginning with 51 and 52 for “ID” in the search field). Or, you can click <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=51">here for amulets</a> and <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=52">here for magical ostraca</a>.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The article explains how these witnesses will appear in the apparatus of ECM Matthew when it is published, as well as in the CBGM. Their inclusion in the CBGM is probably unexpected since they are non-continuous witnesses. From the article,</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">“</span>Amulets have two major disadvantages in the context of the CBGM: (1) they contain a small amount of text, and (2) their text is often an indirect witness; that is, they were not initially created with the <em>primary</em> intention of accurately transmitting the New Testament text. Their limited text poses the same problem as other fragmented texts (like the early papyri), and, on this basis alone, their inclusion in the CBGM would produce cautionary results at best. As indirect witnesses, they would be inappropriately taken as representing the same tradition as continuous text manuscripts or lectionaries that are in the CBGM.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">”</span> (p. 647)</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Nevertheless, the Greek text of amulets can be assigned to Greek variants in the apparatus, unlike versions that would have to rely on a retro-translation. In the CBGM, amulets and ostraca, with only a small amount of text available, qualify as “fragmented” witnesses and their inclusion in the Coherence at Variant Passages diagrams can be turned on or off with the button labeled “Frag.” This way, users will have the option to see them or not. Their inclusion is largely exploratory, and a study is planned to appear on the results in the forthcoming edition of ECM Matthew.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Below is the full list of amulets and magical ostraca now recorded in the<em> Liste</em>. If there are any more we should be aware of, please let us know!</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding:0.75pt;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T1</span><br /> <span style="font-family:times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">=[0152]</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-left:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:11-13</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-left:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">IV</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-left:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-left:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Athens, National Historical Museum, 12227</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T2</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 4:23-24</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pg</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Allentown, PA, Muhlenberg College, Pap. 1077 (theol. 2)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T3</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9-13</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Location unknown, Zuletzt: Germany, (früher: Berlin, Staatliche Museen P. 954)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T4</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9; Jn 1:23; Gospel incipits</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI?</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, 13926</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T5</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9-13</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VII-VIII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Wood</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Heidelberg, Ägyptologisches Institut , 761</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T6</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9-13; Lk 9:37(?); 11:1b-2</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V-VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Giessen, Universitätsbibliothek, P. Iand. 14</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T7</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9; Mk 1:1-8; Lk 1:1-7; Jn 1:1-17</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">XII/XIII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pg</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Library, Ms. 125 (Goodspeed)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T8</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Jn 2:1a-2; Rom 12:1-2</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V-VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, G 2312</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T9</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Jn 1:1, 3</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">?</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Glasgow, University Library, Ms. Gen. 1026/12</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T10</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 28:19; Mt 4:23; Gospel incipits; Jn 1:1</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V-VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pg</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz, P. 6096</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T11</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 4:23; 9:35; 8:15; Mk 1:31</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V-VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz, P. 21230</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T12</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9-11</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">IV-VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Libraries, AM 8963</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T13</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9-13</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Durham, NC, Duke University, David M. Rubenstein Library, P. Duk. Inv. 778</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">[T14]</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">= 0324</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T15</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9-13</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VIII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">New Haven, CT, Yale University Library, P. CtYBR 4600</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T16</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9-13; 2 Cor 13:13(?)</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">IV-V</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Oslo, University of Oslo Library , P. 1644, fol.;<br /> <br /> Oslo/London, The Schøyen Collection, MS 244/4, fol.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T17</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:10-12</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">E III - A IV</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Oxford, Sackler Library, P. Ant. 54</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T18</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:11-13</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 3559 (recto), fol.; Inv. Nr. 3583 (recto), fol.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T19</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:12-13</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 3302</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T20</span><br /> <span style="font-family:times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">=[P105]</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 27,62-64; 28,2-5</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V/VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Oxford, Sackler Library, P. Oxy. 4406</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T21</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mk 1:1-2</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">III-IV</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Oxford, Sackler Library, 25 3B 58/E(c)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T22</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Jn 1:1-11</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V-VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 649, fol.; Inv. Nr. 689, fol.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T23</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Jn 1:5-6</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pg</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, G 29831</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T24</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Jn 1:29, 49</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz, P. 11710</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T25</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">2 Cor 10:4; 1 Thess 5:8; Eph 6:16</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, G 26034, fol.; G 30453, fol.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T26</span><br /> <span style="font-family:times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">=[0262]</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">1 Tim 1:15-16</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pg</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz, P. 13977</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T27</span><br /> <span style="font-family:times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">=[P78]</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Jd 4.5.7.8</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">III/IV</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Oxford, Sackler Library, P. Oxy. 2684</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T28</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Col 3:9-10</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">IV/V</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">London, University College, Petrie Museum, UC 32070</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T29</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Act 9:1</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">III/IV</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Birmingham, University of Birmingham Cadbury Research Library, P.Harr. inv. 486</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T30</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 1:20</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VIII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan Library, P. Mich. inv. 4944b</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T31</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 1:1; Mk 1:1; Jn 1:1</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V-VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Alexandria, Bibliotheca Alexandrina Antiquities Museum, BAAM 0505</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T32</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Jn 1:1</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Heidelberg, Institut für Papyrologie, P. Lat. 5</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T33</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 1:1; Mk 1:1; Lk 1:1; Jn 1:1</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, G 348</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T34</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9-13</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">IV</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Oxford, Sackler Library, P. Oxy. 4010</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T35</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Ps 21:19/Mt 27:35/Jn 19:24</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, G 29418</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T36</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:11-12</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VII</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, L 91</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T37</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 6:9</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VII?</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Wood</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Paris, Musée du Louvre, D 552B</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">T38</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">James 1:14-17</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">E V?</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Papyrus</span></p> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Genova, Biblioteca Universitaria, 1160 Vo</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os1-20</span><br /> <span style="font-family:times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">=[0153]</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-left:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Matt 27:31–32; Mark 5:40–41; 9:17, 18, 22; 15:21; Luke 12:13–15, 15– 16; 22:40–45, 45–49, 49–53, 53–54, 55–59, 59–60, 61, 61–64, 65–69, 70–71; John 1:1–9, 14–17; 18:19–25; 19:15–17</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-left:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V-VI</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-left:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-left:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: times, serif; font-size: 16px;">Location unknown</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os21</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Lk 1:42, 28</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">IV-VIII</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">London, British Museum, EA 33101</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os22</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">John 2:1</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VII</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">London, British Museum, EA 55805</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os23</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Act 2:22-24 (UC 62598), 2:25-29, 32-36; 3:1-2 (UC 62568); 15:38-16:1, 7-9 (UC 62540+62547); 16:18; 19:1, 8-9 (UC 62567); Rom 13:3-6, 7-11 (UC 62600); Gal 1:8-11 (UC 62732), 15-18; 2:3-8 (UC 62583); James 2:2-3, 8-9 (UC 62719); 4:11-13 (UC 62592); 1Jn 2:12-14, 19-22 (UC 31897); 3:17-22; 4:1-3 (UC 62566), 19-14, 18-21 (UC 62584); Jude 1-3, 4 (UC 62573).</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">London, University College, Petrie Museum, UC 31897, fol.; UC 62598, fol.; UC 62568, fol.; UC 62540, fol.; UC 62547, fol.; UC 62567, fol.; UC 62600, fol.; UC 62732, fol.; UC 62583, fol.; UC 62719, fol.; UC 62592, fol.; UC 62573, fol.; UC 62566, fol.; UC 62584, fol.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os24</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Rom 8:31</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">IV-VI</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Stone</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Cambridge, Cambridge University Library, Ostraka inv. 129</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os25</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Lk 1:28</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V-VII</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">London, British Museum, EA 32966</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os26</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 1:19-20</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">V-VI</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Turin, Museo Egizio, Cat. Fab. 2136</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os27</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 7:18-20, 29-8:4</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VII</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Cairo, Coptic Museum, Naqlun 53/88, fol.; Naqlun 64/86, fol.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os28</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Mt 16:18-19; Heb 5:6</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VII</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">New York, NY, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Acc. no. 14.1.202</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os29</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Jn 9:1-12; Act 3:11</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VII-VIII</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">London, British Museum, Eg. Dept. (?)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:65px;border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-left:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Os30</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Heb 2</span></p> </td> <td style="width:41px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">VI-VIII</span></p> </td> <td style="width:54px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Pottery</span></p> </td> <td style="width:203px;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);border-right:1pt solid rgb(204, 204, 204);padding:3.75pt 3pt;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family:times,serif;">Anonymous owner, Anonymous owner, Milan Private Owner</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">We are still in the process of acquiring images, but many images are already included in the NTVMR, especially ones with text from Matthew, such as T34:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/AmuletsT34.jpg/516ad1bc-b8d9-4f68-b950-da0f9ab98494?t=1705653880623" /></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Some ostraca also have images in the NTVMR, for example Os25:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/AmuletsOs25.jpg/612c37b8-297e-45cf-9a47-3b04fb95ca87?t=1705653921601" /></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">I end with a quote from the article:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">“</span>While there is little doubt that amulets and magical ostraca provide an important window into early Christian faith and practices, as many have convincingly argued, the precise textual worth of each of these witnesses remains to be determined. Magical ostraca in particular warrant further research, and scholars now have new resources at their fingertips to gain insights into and to research the rich textual history of the New Testament. It is hoped that recording these witnesses in the <em>Liste</em> (and their images in the NTVMR whenever possible), and including them in the ECM and CBGM, will make way for more productive and nuanced research on their worth for textual criticism and the role they play in the exploration of the social history of early Christianity.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">”</span> (p. 655)</p> <div style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:medium;"> <div id="ftn1"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span style="vertical-align:super;"><span style="vertical-align:super;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Peter Head’s essay, “Additional Greek Witnesses,” in <em>The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research</em>, ed. Ehrman and Holmes, 2nd ed (2013), was especially helpful for bringing the list of ostraca up to date. Correspondence with Theodore De Bruyn was very helpful when I first began to research amulets. I have Joseph Sanzo to thank for bringing to my attention, among other things, that the term “ostraca” really should be “magical ostraca” since we are talking about apotropaic artifacts, not mere citations from the Bible.</p> </div> </div>Greg Paulson2024-01-19T08:30:00ZHow Many Greek New Testament Manuscripts Are There REALLY? The Latest NumbersGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=18918242023-09-29T13:57:49Z2023-09-29T08:33:00Z<p><span style="font-size:18px;"><strong>By Katie Leggett and Greg Paulson</strong></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">In this post we'll tackle the question of how many Greek New Testament manuscripts there are using the latest information in the NTVMR. We'll explain how Greek New Testament witnesses are currently registered in the Liste and some of the complexities of counting manuscripts.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">The work of cataloguing all known Greek New Testament manuscripts worldwide is a massive endeavor that has been going on for many years. The Kurzgefasste Liste (for more on the history of the Liste, see <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/what-is-the-kurzgefass"><u>here</u></a>) was designed to offer a systematic list of all known Greek New Testament manuscripts and to make them available as potential witnesses for use in critical editions and more widely for scholarly research. Greek New Testament manuscripts are designated with a Gregory-Aland (GA) number and their codicological and paleographical features like date, contents, writing material, script, lines, columns, and dimensions are catalogued.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Just since 2019, an additional 167 Gregory-Aland numbers have been added (2 papyri, 3 majuscules, 81 minuscules, and 81 lectionaries.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[1]</span></a> These numbers would be even higher if we also included the dozens of additions to the Liste which were not given a new GA number but were identified as parts of manuscripts already entered therein. While the Liste aims to offer a census of available witnesses of the Greek New Testament, it is far from exhaustive. It's important to keep in mind there are still more manuscripts we aren't yet aware of. The Liste is constantly in flux. We are very grateful for the support of scholars, librarians, and curators who continue to collaborate and inform us of unregistered manuscripts.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[2]</span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">We have also been in the process of cleaning up the Liste by identifying manuscripts that were unknowingly entered twice, combining folios that belong together, and removing manuscripts that never should have been entered in the first place because, for example, they have no New Testament content or were entered without enough information to identify them.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">While some might find it disconcerting that so many entries have been stricken from the Liste, this purging process has actually been going on for many years. In the first edition of the Liste (1963), Kurt Aland described this "Bereinigung" and its importance in detail; he continued this reduction process into the second edition in 1994 as well.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[3]</span></a> The desideratum has never been to simply add as many manuscripts as possible but rather to offer the most accurate representation of the available manuscript evidence. We recognize there have been many inconsistencies over the years about what qualifies for inclusion (e.g. Psalms and Odes, prayer books, ostraca, supplements, manuscripts with virtually no information to identify them again, etc.). We are in process of creating more sensible and transparent criteria for what manuscripts should be removed and what will be included in the future.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong><u>Counting Complexities </u></strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Some of the factors that make tallying manuscripts difficult have been discussed elsewhere but we'll briefly address a few of these issues here.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[4]</span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">First, throughout its history, the Liste (or its predecessor inaugurated by Gregory) has included diverse New Testament witnesses such as lectionaries and other liturgical books, amulets, ostraca, and even patristic works; these have been divided between the four main Liste categories of: papyri, majuscules, minuscules, and lectionaries. (But of course, the distinctions between categories are not always clearcut.) Under minuscules one also finds catenae, but not lectionaries even though they are written in minuscule script. Under lectionaries were Psalms and Odes (which will no longer be added) as well as other liturgical books like euchologia.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[5]</span></a> Even if we compare two "complete" New Testaments, a full continuous text of Mark will contain all 16 of its chapters, but a complete lectionary might only contain four or five chapters of Mark (none of which are even a complete chapter). Yet a lectionary will still be considered "complete" for what it was intended for (in this case, liturgy on Sundays). This means when we speak of "manuscripts" we mean a wide range of witnesses with Greek text of the NT, and these of course have varying worth for critical editions, dating from the late second century to the eighteenth century.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Second, numerous manuscripts have gone missing over the years or have been destroyed. We're still working out the best practice for how to deal with these. Should they be counted, especially if there are no images? For the moment if we have good reason to believe a manuscript no longer physically exists (but have not yet confirmed), we have decided to tag it in the NTVMR with the feature called "Manuscript Destroyed." <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?gaNum=&featureCode=ManuscriptDestroyed&featureCode=Liste&featureCode=Removed!%3DDisplay"><u>There are currently 56 manuscripts in the Liste tagged as “Manuscript Destroyed”</u></a>. The majority of these were held at Mega Spileon Monastery in Kalavryta and the Skete of Saint Andrews on Mt. Athos. Sometimes we are pleasantly surprised to rediscover a manuscript presumed destroyed. This was the case, for example, with 0229 formerly housed at the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence. While the 1963 Liste noted it was destroyed, it was, in fact only badly damaged and is now housed at the Papriological Institute in Florence.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[6]</span></a> Another example is the four leaves of 0106 held at the University Library in Leipzig that were listed as "Kriegsverlust" and long assumed to have been destroyed in WW2. However, they were recently rediscovered in the Moscow State University Library.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[7]</span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Another concern is what to do with manuscripts that have long been missing. When we don't know the current location of a manuscript, we list it under "location unknown" (formerly called "Besitzer unbekannt"). <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?gaNum=&country=Location%20unknown&featureCode=Removed!%3DDisplay"><u>There are currently 105 manuscripts in this category</u></a>, but these are certainly not all the same! Some are here because they were recently auctioned or sold. Numerous manuscripts have landed in private collections, which makes them tricky to keep track of. This was the case for 2805 which was held in a private collection in Athens until it was sold on Christies in 2013. Through a gracious tip<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[8]</span></a> we found out it had been <a href="https://www.historicalbiblesociety.org/art-gallery/manuscripts/"><u>purchased by a private collector in New York</u></a>.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Unfortunately, this proves the exception as private buyers often do not want to be identified, especially if their manuscript has a problematic provenance.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Other manuscripts in "location unknown" like those in Damascus have been missing for over 100 years. Despite our best efforts, we've not be able to verify where these are.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[9]</span></a> But manuscripts that have been missing for decades do occasionally turn up again. Many of the manuscripts held at the Kosinitza Monastery near Drama, Greece were looted during WWI and have been missing since then. Several of these have been located again in recent years including 1424 and 1429 which have been returned to Drama.<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[10]</span></a> Just last month we discovered another Kosinitza New Testament manuscript: L2378 that has ended up in Sydney. (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNSU4_CRsZg"><u>Here is a presentation about this lectionary</u></a>. At timestamp 6:24 the origin of the manuscript and its theft from Monastery Kosinitza is narrated.)</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">In 2021, GA 2853 was removed from "location unknown" when it was discovered to be the same as 2892 owned by the Van Kampen Foundation and housed in Orlando.<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[11]</span></a> Likewise we discovered 2343, whose location has been unknown since at least the 1963 Liste, was at the Walters Art Museum under GA 2375. These few examples illustrate why we never give up hope of a manuscript turning up again after we've lost track of it. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Adding to the complexity of counting manuscripts is the fact that one entry, that is one GA number, can represent a single fragment with just a few verses like <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/community/modules/papyri/?site=INTF&image=20317/420494/10/20/7"><u>0317</u></a> (pictured below). </span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/10192/0/How+many+MSS8.jpeg/c74c34a2-901b-44d5-a45c-c6d511b9d8fe?t=1695995039926" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Or one GA number can represent a rather voluminous codex, such as <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/477499">L351</a>, with over 300 leaves (pictured below).</span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/10192/0/How+many+MSS.jpg/60065500-96d1-4358-a806-6236d424e3a1?t=1695995635959" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center;"> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">While this fragmentary nature is well known for papyri (and perhaps majuscules), this is often overlooked when it comes to minuscules and lectionaries. In fact, approximately 27% of lectionaries have 50 folios or less and 10% of minuscules have 50 folios or less.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Another matter that can make understanding data in the Liste confusing is that there isn't always a one-to-one correlation between an entry in the Liste and a single artefact. That is, one GA number doesn't necessarily correspond to one physical manuscript or a single shelf number at a holding institution. It is possible for multiple artefacts scattered throughout the globe to share a single GA number. This is the case with L2434, which has a current total of 48 leaves dispersed throughout 26 locations.<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[12]</span></a> <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=42434"><u>Here is the list of locations of L2434 in the NTVMR</u></a>.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Or it often happens that a single artefact will be assigned multiple GA numbers, such as Panteleimon Monastery 97, which has been given 17 Gregory-Aland numbers! (See its entry in <span style="color:black;"><a href="https://pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr/notices/cote/22234/"><u>Pinakes</u></a></span> below.) <span style="color:black;"><a href="https://pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr/notices/cote/22234/"> </a></span></span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/10192/0/How+Many+MSS4.jpeg/5d0415e5-1181-4cdc-bf2a-78c959eacb9a?t=1695995691842" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Each part of the artefact was given a separate entry because it had unique features which could not be subsumed under a single GA number.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana Gr. Z. 10 has two GA numbers, 209 and 2920, because fol. 1-381 were originally Gospels, Acts, Catholic Letters, and Paul, and later a manuscript of Revelation was combined with it, becoming fol. 382-421 in the same codex. These two portions of Gr. Z. 10 are from different centuries, have a different line count, and the script is different (with 2920 resembling 205 according to Gregory). These were clearly originally two separate artifacts and were not intentionally made to be bound together.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Thus, one artefact can be given multiple GA numbers if the physical features (e.g. date, columns, writing material) deviate so greatly from the other parts that it must be catalogued in the Liste as a separate entry to record these distinctions. Here is an example from Barb. Gr. 521, where GA <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/community/modules/papyri/?site=INTF&image=30392/420494/160/10/152">054</a> and <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/community/modules/papyri/?site=INTF&image=30392/420494/170/10/132">392</a> are bound in the same codex (see below). </span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/10192/0/How+many+MSS10.jpeg/4cfa8f30-a232-474c-8844-cfea3b10daee?t=1695995800206" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">And depending on the purpose of an artifact, a shelf mark could represent a collection of material, such as Paris, Suppl. Gr. 1155, which has 11 GA numbers. As you can see in these images, <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/community/modules/papyri/?site=INTF&image=20063/420494/220/20/43">folio 4v Suppl. Gr. 1155 (GA 063)</a> is distinct from <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/community/modules/papyri/?site=INTF&image=40352/420494/10/20/2">the following folio 5r (GA L352)</a> (see below).</span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/10192/0/How+many+MSS7.jpeg/713feb30-0989-41bc-b205-fddfd522e746?t=1695995829091" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Then there are supplemental portions of manuscripts.<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[13]</span></a> If the supplement was originally part of another manuscript and was later torn out and bound together with another manuscript, in the past the rule of thumb was that it was assigned a new GA number.<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[14]</span></a> Some supplements were created specifically with the intention to replace the missing text in a manuscript, and these are not normally given a separate GA number (e.g., <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=32542&pageID=1780">fol. 89-96 in GA 2542</a>).<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[15]</span></a> However, this isn't always possible to know for certain, and doesn't change the fact that part of a manuscript may have distinct paleographical and codicological features that cannot simply be subsumed under one GA number. For new entries when a manuscript contains features that varies substantially from the rest of the manuscript,<span style="color:black;"><a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[16]</span></span></a></span> we will consider on a case-by-case basis whether to give that portion a new GA number. We must be careful about assigning GA numbers ad absurdum and inflating the Liste beyond what is manageable or useful.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">So, a manuscript scattered across various holding institutes may share a single GA number or portions of a single artefact may be assigned multiple GA numbers. Palimpsests add yet another layer of complexity since <em>the same pages of a single artifact can be assigned two GA numbers</em>. This is the case with Cambridge University Library, Ms. Add. 10062. The undertext is 040 (Codex Zacynthius) containing portions of the Gospel of Luke, and the overtext is L299 with daily readings from the four Gospels. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Thus, one GA number does not always correspond to a single manuscript or artefact but rather designates <em>a distinct paleographical and </em><em>codicological</em> <em>witness of the New Testament text.</em> This distinction is useful at times for understanding the data in the Liste and working with manuscripts in the real world. For example, if someone wanted to view Greek New Testament manuscripts at the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, Germany they would <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=&country=Germany&instID=57"><u>look in the Liste and see eight entries</u></a>. But if they asked the librarian for eight New Testament manuscripts there might be some confusion since the library has only five artefacts with text of the NT with five different shelf numbers (or six if you count their manuscript of Psalms with Odes!). In other words, how the INTF catalogues manuscript witnesses in the Liste (that is, based on text critical features) may be different than how holding institutions themselves catalogue their manuscripts. In the case of Wolfenbüttel, one of their artifacts was given a second GA number for the book of Revelation, and two of their manuscripts contain palimpsests with New Testament text.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">With so many factors that complicate the task of counting manuscripts, it's no wonder that obtaining an accurate tally of Greek New Testament manuscripts is often seen as a fool's errand and the desideratum is round numbers or a gross estimate that may be much higher or lower than the actual number. We fully recognize that the data in the Liste is a work in progress and there are still inconsistencies and errors to be resolved. There are still far too many manuscripts registered which we know very little about. It is likely there are still dozens of duplicate entries and fragmented/separated manuscripts that belong together that need to be identified.<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[17]</span></a> Nevertheless, we believe the Liste offers the best data available about the current Greek New Testament manuscript evidence and we strive continually to make it more accurate.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">In light of the complexities mentioned above, we are convinced that rather than trying to ascertain how many New Testament manuscripts we have, a more useful question—and one which we can answer by utilizing the NTVMR—is how many New Testament witnesses have been catalogued in the Liste to date. </span><span style="font-size:16px;">By utilizing the <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste"><u>NTVMR</u></a>, this is relatively easy to find out.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Without further ado, here are the current tallies:</span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/10192/0/How+many+MSS9.jpeg/812c6c93-0601-4fbd-8df0-b7f73fb2ef21?t=1695995858466" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong><u>Customizing the Results</u></strong></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">The NTVMR also offers users the ability to sort through the data and generate lists which eliminate certain kinds of manuscripts. Providing customized parameters can refine search results. It is possible, for example, to eliminate all manuscripts tagged as "Manuscript Destroyed," or "Presumed Missing," or other liturgical books or commentary manuscripts (including catenae).</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">For example, if you wanted to know how many minuscules there are that <em>do not</em> have a commentary, you can do the following search in the <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste">NTVMR</a>:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Enter "3" as the ID in the "Manuscript Num." field</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Select the feature "Commentary"</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Check the box "Does not have"</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Select the feature "Removed"</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Select "Display"</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Check the box "Does not have"</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">(Or <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=3&featureCode=!Commentary&featureCode=Removed!%3DDisplay"><u>click here to perform this search</u></a>—you can see the search parameters in the URL.)</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">And you’ll discover there are 2,236 minuscules in the Liste that do not have a commentary.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Another example: if you want a tally of all lectionaries, but do not want to include ones tagged as "Other liturgical books," <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=4&featureCode=LiturgicalBookType!%3DOther%20Lit%20Book"><u>this can be easily done as well</u></a>.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Or you can add together <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=&featureCode=ManuscriptDestroyed"><u>all destroyed manuscripts</u></a> with ones <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=&featureCode=PresumedMissing"><u>presumed missing</u></a>, and subtract this number from the total number of manuscripts, which results in 5,541 manuscripts.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Therefore, user can generate a more sparse or refined list of New Testament witnesses depending on their interests or research purposes.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">In closing, the current number of entries in the Kurzgefasste Liste, 5,700, is only a snapshot in time; it will surely be outdated soon—probably even before you’ve finished reading this. There are certainly still more duplicate entries to be found, more manuscripts waiting to be assessed, and more discoveries to be made. While we continue to hope for new discoveries, particularly as exciting digitization efforts are underway in places like Sinai and Athos, it's also possible the current numbers will decrease as more entries are combined and we continue to prune results so we can offer the most accurate and reliable inventory of the Greek New Testament manuscript evidence.</span></p> <div> <p> </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[1]</span></a> Some of these lectionaries were inserted in the free numbers L1581–L1598 and L1596 (see <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/1376024"><u>here</u></a>).</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[2]</span></a> Here a special word of thanks is due to the tireless efforts of Georgi Parpulov who has informed us of dozens of new additions, many of which result from <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/itsee/projects/catena/project.aspx">Birmingham’s Catena project</a>.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[3]</span></a> See Aland, "Einführung," in the Liste (1<sup>st</sup> ed., 1963), 12ff.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[4]</span></a> See J. Raasted, Review of the 1963 Liste, <em>Libri </em>16 (1966): 75–76; J.K. Elliott, Review of the 1994 Liste, <em>NovT </em>39 (1997): 85–87; D.C. Parker, <em>An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts</em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 38–46.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[5]</span></a> We are waiting for a full-scale analysis of the liturgical books catalogued in the Liste before we undertake any efforts to sort through which manuscripts in the lectionary category should be removed. </span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[6]</span></a> This error seems to stem from translating the Italian "distrutto" as "destroyed" instead of "badly damaged." See <a href="https://dlib.nyu.edu/ancientworld/books/isaw_asp000007/109">Iginio Crisci “La collezione dei papiri di Firenze”</a> in <em>Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress of Papyrology</em>, ed. Deborah H. Samuel, ASP 7 (Toronto: Hakkert, 1970), 93</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[7]</span></a> R. Ast, A. Lifshits, and J. Lougovaya, "Codex Tischendorfianus 1, Rediscovered and Revisited," ZPE (2016): 141-160.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[8]</span></a> Thanks to Brent Niedergall for this information.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[9]</span></a> For some background on these missing fragments see <a href="https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/departments/taylor-schechter-genizah-research-unit/fragment-month/fotm-2018/fragment"><u>here</u></a>.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[10]</span></a> L1240 and 2856 both stolen from Kosinitza are now in Sofia, Bulgaria. It is also highly likely that this manuscript, <a href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2004/western-manuscripts-and-miniatures-l04240/lot.49.html?locale=en"><u>sold in 2004 through Sotheby’s</u></a>, is Kosinitza's L1244.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[11]</span></a> Thanks to Hugh Houghton for his assistance in this discovery. Unfortunately, the whole Van Kampen collection seems to have now gone underground with the closing of the Holy Land Experience in Orlando, FL.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[12]</span></a> Some of these leaves were in the Liste under four different GA numbers. After Andrew Patton identified them as originally belonging to one lectionary, dismembered by Otto Ege, they were consolidated under the GA number L2434. Since then numerous leaves have been added. For more watch the video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0H9wIESDCE8"><u>here</u></a>.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[13]</span></a> Dealing with supplements has admittedly been handled in different ways throughout the years and there are many inconsistencies in the Liste concerning which supplements get their own GA number and why. Hundreds of manuscripts have anomalies, e.g. in contents, line count, different hands etc. and recording these goes beyond the scope of a "<strong>kurz</strong>gefasste" list.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[14]</span></a> This is generally observable when the contents of the biblical text overlap (e.g., 278 and 2898), although this is rare—more often a lectionary and a minuscule will share the same codex; or Revelation (which often circulated by itself) will be added to the end of an existing codex.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[15]</span></a>The most famous exception to this rule is Vatican gr. 1209 (i.e. GA 03 and 1957).</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[16]</span></a> How much divergent material a manuscript should contain and how many features must be different from the main part of the manuscript depends on several factors. As a rule of thumb, if only one or two features vary, we will insert a brief footnote to explain which features are different. If we are dealing with three or more divergent features, we consider assigning a new number. For example, a manuscript contains 50 pages written three centuries later with a different line count and a different number of columns than the main manuscript, then the case could be made that these folios represent a unique instantiation of the New Testament text which merit a new GA number. This is our criteria going forward. The INTF does not currently have the time and resources to review all previously entered manuscripts for supplements that may meet these criteria. </span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif;">[17]</span></a> This is especially true for the lectionaries. We are currently in the process of uploading microfilm images for lectionaries in the NTVMR which will make it much easier to identify duplicate entries or folios that belong together.</span></p> </div> </div>Greg Paulson2023-09-29T08:33:00ZSelective Reading and Unsubstantiated CriticismKlaus Wachtelhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=18443392023-03-13T13:40:39Z2023-03-13T08:46:00Z<style type="text/css"><!-- .tab { margin-left: 40px; } --> </style> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">A Response to David Pastorelli: <a href="https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/babelao/article/view/64933/61263">La mise en oeuvre de la cohérence prégénéalogique dans le cadre de la Coherence-Based Genealogical Method: évaluation critique. BABELAO 10-11 (2022) 169-188</a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">David Pastorelli claims to have detected a major flaw in the CBGM: a bias in favor of the Byzantine witnesses due to a “dysfunction of pre-genealogical coherence” (p. 187). He considers pre-genealogical coherence to be “paramount in the implementation of the method”,<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[1]</span></a> while genealogical and stemmatic coherence are only mentioned in passing. The claim of the philologists using the CBGM, the editors of the ECM in the first place, who assure that philological assessment of variants is at least as important as the coherence-related calculations, is disregarded altogether. Having thus reduced the object of his criticism to a handy format Pastorelli tries to show pre-genealogical coherence to be a “fallacious employment of percentages and averages”.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[2]</span></a> Instead of using the CBGM, he recommends a return to the text-type theories of the 20th century which he considers to represent facts that need no further discussion.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">The CBGM is a computer-aided philological method that in a fair scientific debate must not be reduced to one of its elements. Had Pastorelli read Mink’s introductions to the CBGM more carefully, he could not put forth a sentence like this:</span></p> <p class="tab" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">Pre-genealogical coherence is the type of coherence most important for establishing the initial text.<a href="#_ftn2" id="_ftnref3" name="_ftnref3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title=""><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;">[3]</span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Moreover, he would not confuse the terms “substemma” with “local stemma” or textual flow diagrams with the global stemma.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[4]</span></a> Nevertheless, let us see whether Pastorelli’s criticism of pre-genealogical coherence as such is valid.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">For the main part of his critical review Pastorelli refers to the chapter on pre-genealogical coherence in an introduction to the CBGM by Wasserman and Gurry.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[5]</span></a> In this chapter Wasserman and Gurry demonstrate how pre-genealogical coherence could be applied to two variant passages:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Mark 1:1 om. υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Wachtel_+Pastorelli_Picture1.png/47da7f9e-44c4-4128-be78-caa53db1c83d?t=1678698441695" style="height: 50%; width: 50%;" /></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Matthew 16:27</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Wachtel_Pastorelli_Picture2.png/a9344e3a-2521-4d65-8029-6b66085a8ef7?t=1678698449917" style="height: 50%; width: 50%;" /></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Using data available at <<a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/TT_PP/">http://intf.uni-muenster.de/TT_PP/</a>> Wasserman and Gurry show that the pre-genealogical coherence of the attestations of Mk 1:1<em>b</em> and Mt 16:27<em>b</em> and <em>c</em> is weak. This means that for several or all of the respective witnesses their close relatives do not share the same variant. This is correctly interpreted as a symptom of multiple emergence of these variants.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Pastorelli criticizes this method in three points.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><em>1) The calculation of pre-genealogical coherence</em></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Pastorelli constructs an example of two witnesses <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> differing from each other in two passages. The agreement rate of these two would be zero for the variant passages comprised by the sample. Then a third witness <em>z</em> would be added. This witness would differ from <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> at 98 passages. On this basis the agreement rate for <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> would rise to 98%. Concerned by this result Pastorelli asks, “What should the proportion of witnesses and variant passages be?”<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[6]</span></a> – The answer is simple. As Mink has repeatedly emphasized, all relevant evidence has to be taken into account, and that is, in the case of the Greek New Testament, the total of variants yielded by a full collation of all Greek witnesses included in the critical apparatus of a writing.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[7]</span></a> The CBGM does not claim to produce useful results for a selection of two or three manuscripts. Pre-genealogical coherence is not about extrapolating on the basis of samples.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><em>2) The delimitation of the variant passages</em></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Pastorelli criticizes the delimitation of variant passages in the ECM apparatus as arbitrary without substantiating this proposition with a single example. Instead, he refers to an unsubstantiated statement of Bengt Alexanderson: “This is all arbitrary, a ‘place of variation’, a reading, a variant, a passage can be anything.”<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[8]</span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">The terms “reading” and “variant” are well defined for the ECM:</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">“A r<em>eading </em>is the generic term for the wording of a textual unit in which a manuscript is distinguished from one or more or from all other manuscripts. A <em>variant </em>refers to one of at least two readings of the same textual unit which is grammatically correct and logically possible in its context. <em>Errors </em>are readings which do not fulfil these criteria. [...] Alternative and orthographically possible forms of the same variants are classed as <em>orthographica</em>.”</span><a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span style="color:black;"><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[9]</span></span></span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">The delimitation of variant passages and, correspondingly, the segmentation of a critical apparatus is a complex editorial task. Mink says,</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">“Places of variation are places in the text where variants appear. At least two different variants occur in a place of variation [...]. A place of variation may comprise more than one word, but it can also be the space between two words. Ideally, it covers a logical unit of variation. This means that mutually interdependent changes to a text should belong to one unit of variation (e.g. if a subject and correspondingly the predicate are put in the singular). A unit of variation can also be postulated when a group of words presumably belonged together in a copyist’s view (e.g. if a word group consisting of article/particle/noun shows changes in different combinations for the article/noun and for the particle). Sometimes, very pragmatic considerations might be adduced to determine a unit of variation, so as to enable the comparison of all texts at a certain place. Places of variation may also overlap. In one place of variation the question may be e.g. whether a rather large group of words has been omitted or not; yet another instance of variation may result from variants within that group of words whenever it was not left out.”<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[10]</span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Any editor who ever constructed a critical apparatus will agree that the delimitation of variant passages has a subjective element. Still, it is possible to derive quantitative data as a basis for pre-genealogical coherence from a comparison of the included witnesses at all variant passages since the underlying database contains a statement for each witness at each variant passage as either containing one of its variants or being deficient.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><em>3) Witnesses may contain mixed texts</em></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Pastorelli points out that the textual character of 579, 037 and 032 changes due to block mixture. It is true that this was not taken into account by Wasserman and Gurry. This does not call into question, however, their overall result, namely the lack of pre-genealogical coherence of Mk 1:1<em>b</em> and Mt 16:27<em>b</em>, because the attestations of these variants do not comprise these witnesses.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">One argument that Pastorelli puts forth against taking account of pre-genealogical coherence is the use of threshold values in Wasserman’s and Gurry’s treatment of Mk 1:1 and Mt 16:27. Once again Pastorelli tries to turn a tool made for a completely different purpose against the CBGM. He states,</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">The most important impact of pre-genealogical coherence in statistical terms is the arbitrary decision to fix a threshold value below which the witnesses are ignored in the comparison. For a given manuscript, this threshold value is its percentage of agreement with the majority text. For example, this percentage of agreement for 09 is 96.3% which does not allow to take more than three witnesses into account: 07 (97.0%), 1341 (96.8%), and 031 (96.4%).<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[11]</span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">As if it was the only means available for the study of pre-genealogical coherence, Pastorelli here refers to a clustering tool developed in the context of <em>Parallel Pericopes</em>, a special ECM volume regarding selected pericopes in the Synoptic Gospels:<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[12]</span></a> <<a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/TT_PP/">http://intf.uni-muenster.de/TT_PP/</a>>. The data basis and the purpose of the two clustering tools offered on this site are clearly explained on the start page:</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">The two clustering tools may be used to compare groupings found through “Text und Textwert” with ones based on the full collations for “Parallel Pericopes”.</span><a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[13]</span></span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">A third tool called “Find Relatives” is introduced on the same page as related to pre-genealogical coherence:</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">“Find Relatives” applies the “Parallel Pericopes” groupings to attestations of variant passages. It is designed to show an important aspect of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method </span><a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/projekte/gsm_aus_en.shtml"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">(CBGM)</span></a><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">: <em>pre-genealogical coherence</em> in attestations. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">All three tools are explained by comprehensive guides accessible from their individual interfaces.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Pastorelli does not care about such complexities when he launches his attack against the threshold value in the lists of relatives produced by the <em>Parallel Pericopes</em> clustering tool. Neither does he care about tools developed after 2011 in the context of the ECM. In 2013, the second edition of the Catholic Letters appeared along with a suite of CBGM tools related to these writings <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/cbgm/index_en.html">here</a>. In 2017, Acts appeared along with an online counterpart <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/ecm">here</a>. The same applies to Mark, which appeared in 2021. For Acts and Mark, CBGM tools are available <a href="https://ntg.uni-muenster.de/">here</a>. Had Pastorelli cared to look at these tools he could have seen that none of the lists of relatives provided for each included witness is ever cut off due to a threshold value.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">In 2016, Wasserman and Gurry used the <em>Parallel Pericopes</em> clustering tool for their demonstration of pre-genealogical coherence in a brief introduction to the CBGM. Pastorelli’s criticism against the CBGM is based on this introduction and the clustering tool published in 2011. He ignores the CBGM tools and related literature published since. It is probably due to such selective reading that Pastorelli thinks a Byzantine variant to be automatically preferred by ECM editors, just because its attestation is pre-genealogically coherent:</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">Well, as far as the Byzantine text-type features the strongest homogeneity, a characteristically Byzantine reading definitely shows the strongest coherence and automatically obtains the preference (reading a).<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[14]</span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">However, about ten percent of the majority readings listed in the ECM apparatus have coherent attestations but still are deemed secondary, because internal evidence argues against them. The ECM commentary on Mk 1:1/12-16 is a good example for a discussion of all evidence relevant for the decision in favor of a majority reading.<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[15]</span></a> Coherence provides only one argument among many others.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">The reasons for a preference of 36 majority readings in Acts are spelled out in general terms in the introduction to ECM Acts:</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color:black;">Since the Textus Receptus was overcome by the scholarly textual criticism of the 19th century, there is tenacious negative bias against the Byzantine majority text. Wherever well-known, older textual witnesses like Vaticanus and Sinaiticus, and even more so in combination with a papyrus, stand against the majority of minuscules, the decision against the majority text was often made easily, without seriously considering the quality of the variants in question. Therefore, the editors of the present edition have taken two facts as paramount. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color:black;">First, it is often overlooked that in the vast majority of variant passages only a few witnesses differ from all the others. As a rule, the popular witnesses from the 4th/5th centuries and, if extant, from even earlier papyri, agree with the majority of all witnesses. This implies that at all these passages the old age of the majority text is not in doubt. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color:black;">Second, it is necessary to distinguish consistently between a manuscript and the text transmitted in it. “<em>Recentiores non deteriores</em>” is a principle widely accepted in editing philology, but in New Testament scholarship it was applied only to a few younger manuscripts featuring similar textual peculiarities as Vaticanus and Sinaiticus. For the reason given above, it is undoubtedly true that the textual tradition as a whole goes back to a very early period and that the coherent transmission of the majority of all textual witnesses provides a strong argument <em>for</em>, not <em>against</em>, the variant in question. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">If the bias against the text of the majority of all witnesses has been overcome, then the variants transmitted by the majority will appear in a different light, even if some early witnesses read differently. It can then be considered with due impartiality whether or not a majority reading does in fact follow the tendency towards the fuller, easier, more smooth variant. There can be no doubt that this tendency exists, but it applies to the transmission on the whole, not only with scribes of younger manuscripts. It is true that variants of this kind accumulated in the majority text, but in more than a few cases the more difficult variant is in the majority text. Moreover, the editorial team of the ECM sees a strong external criterion in favor of the majority reading where a variant with <em>A</em>-related attestation is confirmed by the majority, because this points to a continuous transmission since the early period. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color:black;">As a consequence, the text of ECM Acts agrees with the majority variant in 36 out of 52 cases where textual decisions were made against NA28. There are only two cases where a decision was made against the majority variant in NA28.</span><a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span style="color:black;"><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[16]</span></span></span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Moreover, Pastorelli purports that by preferring variants because of pre-genealogical coherence users of the CBGM had re-introduced the number of witnesses as a criterion for the assessment of an attestation.<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[17]</span></a> This contention is just as unsubstantiated as is the purported automatic preference of pre-genealogically coherent attestations.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Another false proposition refers to the Byzantine text. Without looking for a confirmation by ECM editors Pastorelli cites Wasserman and Gurry saying that we still see the Byzantine text form as a text-type.<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[18]</span></a> It cannot be denied, of course, that the late Byzantine text has reached a relatively stable form, but this is not a valid reason for a partial return to the text-type theory. If we abolish the concept of text-types, it follows that we can no longer use the term “Byzantine text” as defined by Metzger. It has become obsolete to consider the Byzantine text form as “based on the recension prepared near the close of the third century by Lucian of Antioch”,<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[19]</span></a> but many still see it as the last text-type standing. Having emerged from the recension hypothesis, however, the term “text-type” should be given up completely.<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[20]</span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">If we use the term “Byzantine text” it serves as a short form of “late Byzantine majority text”. If we do so, we are aware that it means the last phase of a process whose beginnings are marked by manuscripts like Vaticanus and Sinaiticus. The transmission of the Greek New Testament forms a continuum whose overall structure is still calling for an adequate description. The goal is to understand how the late Byzantine majority text developed and which factors were at work in this process. New research is due starting from the genealogical relationships between variants and an exploration of the relationships between their witnesses.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">References</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">ECM</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; color: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Novum Testamentum Graecum. Editio Critica Maior</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">Ed. by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">Vol. I</span></strong><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;"> The Synoptic Gospels, Part 2 The Gospel of Mark, ed. by Holger Strutwolf, Georg Gäbel, Annette Hüffmeier, Marie-Luise Lakmann, Gregory S. Paulson, and Klaus Wachtel. Stuttgart: German Bible Society 2021.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">Part 2.1: Text, Part 2.2: Supplementary Material, Part 2.3: Studies.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">Vol. III</span></strong><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;"> Acts of the Apostles, ed. by Holger Strutwolf, Georg Gäbel, Annette Hüffmeier, Gerd Mink, and Klaus Wachtel. Stuttgart: German Bible Society 2017. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">Part 1.1: Text Chapter 1-14, Part 1.2: Text Chapter 15-28, Part 2: Supplementary Material, Part 3: Studies.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">Vol. IV</span></strong><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;"> Catholic Letters, ed. by Barbara Aland, Kurt Aland†, Gerd Mink, Holger Strutwolf, and Klaus Wachtel. Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 2nd rev. edition 2013. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">Part 1: Text, Part 2: Supplementary Material.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">Parallel Pericopes</span></strong><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">. Special volume regarding the synoptic gospels, ed. by Holger Strutwolf and Klaus Wachtel, Stuttgart: German Bible Society 2011.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Metzger, Bruce M.: The Text of the New Testament. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press <sup>3</sup>1992.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Metzger, Bruce M., and Bart Ehrman: The Text of the New Testament. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press <sup>4</sup>2005.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Mink, Gerd: Contamination, Coherence, and Coincidence in Textual Transmission, in: The Textual History of the Greek New Testament. Changing Views in Contemporary Research, hg. v. Klaus Wachtel und Michael W. Holmes, (SBL Text-Critical Studies 8) Atlanta 2011, p.141-216.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Mink, Gerd: Problems of a highly contaminated tradition: the New Testament. Stemmata of variants as a source of a genealogy for witnesses, in: Studies in Stemmatology II, ed. by P. van Reenen, A. den Hollander and M. van Mulken, Amsterdam [u.a.] 2004, [13]-85., Corrigenda <a href="https://www.uni-muenster.de/INTF/Corrigenda_et_addenda.htm">here</a>.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Text und Textwert der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments, ed. K. Aland et al. Vol. IV Die Synoptischen Evangelien, 1 Das Markusevangelium; 2 Das Matthäusevangelium; 3 Das Lukasevangelium (Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 1998-1999). Vol. V Das Johannesevangelium, 1 Teststellenkollation der Kapitel 1-10 (Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2005).</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Wasserman, Tommy and Peter Gurry: A New Approach to Textual Criticism: An Introduction to the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature 2017.</span></p> <p> </p> <div> <p> </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[1]</span></a> Pastorelli 174: “capitale dans la mise en oeuvre de la méthode”.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[2]</span></a> Pastorelli 180: “utilisation fallacieuse des pourcentages et des moyennes”.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[3]</span></a> Pastorelli 170: “La cohérence pré-généalogique est le type de cohérence le plus important pour l’établissement du texte initial.”</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[4]</span></a> Cp. Pastorelli 172.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[5]</span></a> Wasserman/Gurry 2017, p. 37-58.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[6]</span></a> Pastorelli 178: “Quelle proportion entre témoins et lieux variants faut-il avoir?”</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[7]</span></a> Cp. Mink 2011, p. 145-146.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[8]</span></a> Pastorelli 179.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[9]</span></a> ECM IV.1, p. 27*; ECM III.1, p. 24*; ECM I.2.1, p. 16*-17*.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[10]</span></a> Mink 2004, 27-28.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[11]</span></a> Pastorelli 181: “L’impact le plus important de la cohérence pré-généalogique en terme statistique est la décision arbitraire de fixer un seuil en dessous duquel les témoins sont ignorés dans la comparaison. Pour un manuscrit donné, ce seuil est son pourcentage d’accords avec le texte majoritaire. Par exemple, ce pourcentage d’accords pour 09 est 96,3%, ce qui ne permet de prendre en compte plus que trois témoins : 07 (97,0%), 1341 (96,8%) et 031 (96,4%).”</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[12]</span></a> ECM: Parallel Pericopes, ed. Holger Strutwolf and Klaus Wachtel. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft 2011.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[13]</span></a> The tool called “T&T Mss. Clusters” is based on <em>Text und Textwert der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments,</em> ed. K. Aland et al. Vol. IV <em>Die Synoptischen Evangelien,</em> 1 <em>Das Markusevangelium;</em> 2 <em>Das Matthäusevangelium;</em> 3 <em>Das Lukasevangelium</em> (Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 1998-1999). Vol. V <em>Das Johannesevangelium,</em> 1 <em>Teststellenkollation der Kapitel 1-10</em> (Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2005).</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[14]</span></a> Pastorelli 182: “Or, dans la mesure où le type de texte byzantin présente l’homogénéité la plus forte, une leçon byzantine caractéristique détient, à coup sûr, la cohérence la plus forte et elle reçoit automatiquement la préférence (leçon a).”</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[15]</span></a> ECM I.2.3, p. 9-10 or <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/forum/-/message_boards/message/1582017">here</a>.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[16]</span></a> K. Wachtel: Notes on the text of the Acts of the Apostles, <em>in</em> ECM III.1,1 p. 30*-31*. By the way, this text also comprises a report about the application of CBGM procedures, including pre-genealogical coherence, to Acts.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[17]</span></a> Pastorelli 182-183.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[18]</span></a> Pastorelli 182.</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[19]</span></a> Metzger, Text of the NT, <sup>3</sup>1992, 212. – The 4th edition of Metzger’s “Text of the New Testament”, co-authored by Bart Ehrman, says about the term “Byzantine text” that “its final form represents a slowly developing tradition, not one that sprang up immediately at one time and place” (<sup>4</sup>2005, S. 279).</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;">[20]</span></a> For a brief discussion of the text-types as defined by Metzger for Mark see Wachtel, Notes on the Text of Mark, <em>in</em> ECM I.2,3 p. 1-7.</span></p> </div> </div>Klaus Wachtel2023-03-13T08:46:00ZHow Does ECM Mark Change the Way Textual Criticism is Taught?Greg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=18058922022-12-05T09:50:11Z2022-12-05T09:35:00Z<p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">While the theme of the SBL annual meeting this year in Denver was “reconnect,” the meeting also created unique opportunities to make new connections. One of these opportunities was at a joint session of the ECM and Gospel of Mark program units. This was a chance for exegetes and text critics to come together and share with each other about the intricates of their fields and how textual criticism influences exegesis and vice versa.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">In this spirit, Alicia Myers, New Testament professor and exegete at Campbell University, and I presented on how to use ECM Mark and how this changes the way we teach textual criticism. It was a difficult topic, especially fitting it all in the time limit, but we hope we did it justice. We’ve recorded our presentation and made it available on the INTF’s YouTube channel. Here’s a link:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="https://youtu.be/2txMVZeBIqQ">https://youtu.be/2txMVZeBIqQ</a></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">For anyone who has never used an edition of the ECM, this is probably the best place to start since it goes over the basics and gives an impression of how to actually incorporate use of the edition in the classroom.</p>Greg Paulson2022-12-05T09:35:00ZListe (Greek) and Manuscript Catalogue (all)Greg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=16958522022-09-20T10:05:30Z2022-09-20T09:29:00Z<p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ManuscriptCatalogue.jpg/4bde5cd9-ecd3-48ec-931d-64f8e7bba63b?t=1663666285894" /></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/">NTVMR</a> began as a digital environment to carry out editorial work on the Greek New Testament. As the NTVMR has continued to expand and evolve, we have hosted a variety of research projects there; although most of these projects are related to the Greek New Testament, some have to do with languages other than Greek (e.g. the <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/web/mark16/mark16">Mark16 project</a>) or even deal with non-canonical texts (e.g. <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/web/1clement/home">1 Clement</a>).</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">To support these projects, we have been allocating new Doc IDs in the NTVMR to a variety of relevant primary resources which do not belong in the <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/what-is-the-kurzgefass"><em>Kurzgefaßte Liste</em></a>. For example, <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=940001">Got1</a>; <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=700003">syH3</a>; <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=601001">sa 1</a>; <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=200001">VL 1</a>; <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=910252">arm 252</a>.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">This has recently created some confusion about which materials searchable on the NTVMR actually belong in the <em>Liste </em>since non-Greek New Testament resources were included in the same database. </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Therefore, we have taken steps to make this distinction clearer by changing the “Liste” link so that only what belongs in the <em>Kurzgefaßte Liste</em>, i.e., manuscripts designated with a Gregory-Aland number, are located under this link. This should correspond to what will be included in the forthcoming printed <em>Liste</em>.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">For those who benefit from other research projects in the NTVMR beyond the parameters of Greek New Testament manuscripts, we have created a new link labeled “Manuscript Catalog,” which has all available documents (including all Greek New Testament witnesses included in the <em>Liste</em>).</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">All documents in the NTVMR are now available under the new link in the sidebar on <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/home">the homepage</a>:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">“<a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/catalog">Manuscript Catalog (All)</a>”</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The link for the <em>Liste</em> is now restricted to only items in the <em>Kurzgefaßte Liste</em>:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">“<a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste">Liste (Greek)</a>”</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman, serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">By providing separate search tools we hope to offer the user an experience that is tailored to their specific research purposes. Researchers who want to work strictly with Greek New Testament manuscripts will now have a more efficient platform to do so. Likewise, those who want to incorporate other traditions into their research will continue to see all results available under “Manuscript Catalog (all).”</p>Greg Paulson2022-09-20T09:29:00ZECM Coptic Position (Parttime)Greg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=16220772021-12-10T11:45:21Z2021-12-10T11:44:00Z<p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">At the INTF there is a parttime position available for a Coptic specialist (36 months maximum). Responsibilities include collecting data on Coptic manuscripts of Galatians and Ephesians and transcribing them for the ECM. Please see the post for more information:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="https://www.uni-muenster.de/Rektorat/Stellen/ausschreibungen/st_20211012_sk2.html">https://www.uni-muenster.de/Rektorat/Stellen/ausschreibungen/st_20211012_sk2.html</a></p>Greg Paulson2021-12-10T11:44:00ZECM Mark has ArrivedGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=15890142021-08-13T07:47:26Z2021-08-13T07:47:00Z<p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The ECM of Mark was published at the end of July! It is available to order through <a href="https://www.die-bibel.de/en/shop/originaltexte/neues-testament/ecm-i-2.-markusevangelium.-gesamtband-5618">the German Bible Society’s website</a>.</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The complete title is<em> Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior</em>, Volume I: The Synoptic Gospels, book 2: The Gospel of Mark. This numbering might be confusing since the Catholic letters were titled ECM IV and Acts was designated as ECM III. The INTF has been working on the Synoptic Gospels (ECM volume I), and Mark is book two of volume I, or ECM I.2 for short. We are now working on ECM Matthew which will be published as ECM I book 1, or ECM I.1. Here's an overview of the ECM volumes, bearing in mind only the Catholic Letters, Acts, and Mark have been published:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Volume I: Synoptic Gospels</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Volume II: The Gospel of John</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Volume III: Acts</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Volume IV: Catholic Letters</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Volume V: Paul's Letters</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Volume VI: Revelation</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Like ECM Acts, there are three parts to ECM Mark: (1) text and apparatus, (2) supplementary material that explains which manuscripts were selected and has introductions to the versions and other detailed information, and (3) a collection of studies on the text of Mark in different manuscript traditions. Part 3, Studies, is where the "Text-Critical Commentary" can be found.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ECM-Mark-Spines.jpg/d626dfe5-4ff1-488a-bdf5-1f63824bb28c?t=1628493103127" /></p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><em>Image of the Three Parts of ECM Mark</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">As promised in <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/online-tools-for-the-ecm">a previous blog post</a>, we now present links to digital tools and downloads that accompany the printed edition and offer access to the data behind the edition.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Here is the link to <a href="https://ntg.uni-muenster.de/mark/ph35/">CBGM Mark 3.5</a>. <span style="font-size: 12pt;">This is the third phase of the CBGM for Mark. The .5 indicates we have made several changes to the local stemmata in the current phase, but did not systematically go through all the variants again to bring it to a new phase. A local stemma of variants has been established at each variant passage. What we called “Genealogical Queries” for Acts and Catholic Letters, we are now just calling “CBGM” since the former term didn’t really take off.</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">The <a href="https://ntg.uni-muenster.de">start page of the CBGM</a> (see below) also has instructions for the CBGM Docker, containing now <em>both</em> Acts and Mark. The CBGM for these two books can be downloaded onto your own computer and you can edit the local stemmata. I’ve already posted <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0_tlbz_YVQ">a video tutorial on how install Acts CBGM</a>, but the Docker image now also includes Mark CBGM.</p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="https://ntg.uni-muenster.de"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ECM-Mark-CBGM.png/b3405827-d553-48c8-ab01-2d3b43c32339?t=1628840538631" /></a></p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><em>Image of the CBGM start page</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The Greek text and apparatus of the ECM of Mark is also available online (<a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/ecm">the digital ECM</a>). <span style="font-size: 12pt;">Clicking on a manuscript in the apparatus of Mark calls up its transcription. The “Text-Critical Commentary,” published in the Studies volume (3), is also available free online. All passages with a commentary will display a highlighted speech bubble. For example, go to Mark 1:1, word address 12-16, and click on the speech bubble (see image below). It will bring you t</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">o <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/forum/-/message_boards/message/1582017">the commentary for that passage</a> and you can read why υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ, a Byzantine reading, was adopted over υἱοῦ θεοῦ as the initial text. Users are also invited to comment on passages in the NTVMR forum, which Klaus Wachtel also mentioned at the end of his</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/an-interactive-textual-commentary-on-acts">blog post on the Text-Critical Commentary</a>.</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Returning to the apparatus, if you click on the circle icon (see image below), this brings you to <a href="https://ntg.uni-muenster.de/mark/ph35/coherence/20101012-16">the CBGM for this passage</a>.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/patristik/">Patristic database has been updated to include Mark</a> (see image below). Now both Acts and Mark are available.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ECM-Mark-dECM.png/be984fde-e7d6-48fc-9a52-2225db47be65?t=1628493207142" /></p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><em>Image of Links to the Text-Critical Commentary, CBGM, and the Patristic Database in the digital ECM</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Last but not least, the <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/ecm_mark_en.shtml">ECM Mark page on the INTF's website</a> now has lists of <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/Textual_changes_as_against_NA28.pdf">textual changes between the ECM of Mark and the text of Mark in NA28</a> and <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/Passages_with_a_split_guiding_line.pdf">split lines</a> in ECM Mark.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">In ECM Mark there are:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">33 textual changes. Interestingly, 21 of these changes are in accordance with the Byzantine text. If you’re curious about the reasons these readings were chosen, the textual commentary can help shed some light on these decisions.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">There are also 126 split lines in ECM of Mark. In most of the split lines (107 to be exact), the Byzantine text is one of the variants given equal weight as the <em>Ausgangstext</em>.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">With its comprehensive apparatus based on full transcriptions of 209 Greek manuscripts and a text newly established on the basis of a systematic method—the CBGM—ECM Mark intends to offer an enduring contribution to the field of textual criticism. It is our hope that researchers will take advantage of the free transcriptions (on the NTVMR) and access to the editorial textual decisions (via the CBGM and Text-Critical Commentary).</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Although these tools (1) the CBGM, (2) the CBGM Docker container, (3) the digital ECM, (4) the Text-Critical Commentary, and (5) the Patristic database may seem daunting at first, they offer a wealth of material; it is worthwhile to take the time to explore them and discover how they might be beneficial for your own research.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">In the Preface to the Studies volume of ECM Acts, Holger Strutwolf said: “The ECM does not see itself as an end at all, but rather as opening a new phase of text-critical work on the New Testament” (ECM III/3, Preface). The same continues to be true for ECM Mark.</p>Greg Paulson2021-08-13T07:47:00ZGreek Lectionary Leaves for Sale in CologneGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=15706172021-06-24T09:22:31Z2021-06-24T08:58:00Z<p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In our work updating the </span><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/what-is-the-kurzgefass"><em style="font-size: 10pt;">Kurzgefasste Liste</em></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, we discovered these Greek lectionary leaves for sale at a private antiquities dealer in Cologne, Germany. The four 13th century parchment leaves have not been entered in the <em>Liste</em> yet but seem to be part of L2144, divided between Duke University and Yale. </span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L2144Cologne.jpg/0aaea202-0d9a-4ab3-82e5-0eeb7c10a070?t=1624526152976" /></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:14px;"><em>Image from Antiquariat Jürgen Dinter</em></span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">The dealer in Cologne offers no information about provenance, but gives the following description:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4 leaves (225 x 145 mm) of a mid 13th century lectionary on vellum.</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">leaf 1</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">recto:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Lucas 22, 32 – 39: περὶ σὺ ἵνα μὴ … καὶ ὁι μαθηταί</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Mt 26, 2: οἰ δατε ὅτι λετὰ … εἰς τὸ σταυρο[θῆναι]</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">verso:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Mt 26, 3-13: [σταυρο]θῆναι … ἐποιησεν αὕτη εἰς [μνημόσυνον αὐτῆσ</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">leaf 2</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">recto:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Mt 14, 15-22: [… καὶ ἡ ὤρα ἤδη παρῆλδεν] ἀπόλυσον τοὺς ὄχλους … πολύσῃ τοὺς ὄχλους</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Mt 15, 32: προσκαλεσάμενος ὁ ισ. τοῖς ματηθαίς … οὐ θέλω μή[ποτε ἐκλυθῶσιν …]</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">verso:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Mt 15, 32, 33: [… μή]ποτε ἐκλυθῶσιν – 39: εἰς τὰ ὅρια Μαγαδάn</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Mt 14, 22-25: ἠνάγκασεν … τετάρτῃ δὲ φυλακῇ τῆς νυκτός [ἤλθεν πρὸς …]</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">leaf 3</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">recto:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Mt 26, 20: […ἐσθι]όντων εἶπεν ἀμὴν λέγω … σκανδαλισθησεσθε ἐν ἐμοὶ [εν τῇ νυκτι ταύτῃ …]</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">verso:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Mt 26, 31-39: ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ταυτῇ, γέγραπται γὰρ πατάξω τὸν ποιμένα, καὶ διασκορπισθήσονται τὰ πρό βατα τῆς ποίμνης … πλήν οὐχ ὡς ἐγὼ θέλει ἀλλ‘ ὡς σύ.</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Lukas, 22, 43-: ὤφτη δὲ αὐτῷ ἄγγελος … ἀπὸ τῃσ προσευχῆς ἔρχεται πρὸς τοὺς</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">leaf 4</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">recto:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Joh. 19, 7-13: [ἀπηκρίθησαν ἀυτῷ] ἰδαίοι ἡμεῖς νόμον ἔχομεν … Τότε οὖν παρέδοκεν αὐτον ἵνα σταυρωθή.</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">verso:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Mt 27, 3-14: ἰδῶν ιοῦδασ … θαυμάζειν τὸν [ἡγεμόνα λίαν …]</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:10pt;">Here’s the link to the dealer:</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-size-adjust:auto;font-stretch:normal;"><span style="color:#dca10d;"><span style="font-size:10pt;"><a href="http://dinter.de/buch/manuscript-in-greek-4-leaves-mid-13th-century/" style="color:blue;text-decoration-line:underline;"><span style="font-family:helvetica neue;">http://dinter.de/buch/manuscript-in-greek-4-leaves-mid-13th-century/</span></a></span></span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-size-adjust:auto;font-stretch:normal;min-height:15px;"> </p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">We hope these leaves find a good home! </span></p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:10pt;">We’d also be very happy if the new owner would let us know where they have landed so we can keep track of them for the <em>Liste</em>.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Greg Paulson2021-06-24T08:58:00ZOnline Tools for the ECMGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=15681912021-06-14T07:14:06Z2021-06-10T14:26:00Z<p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The ECM of Mark is currently being printed and will be available soon. Once it appears in print, we will make our online tools for it accessible. These will include the digital edition, the CBGM, a Docker container, and a list of textual changes compared to the NA28.</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Even though the ECM of Acts was published back in 2017, we realized we have not posted the list of textual changes online for Acts like was done for the ECM of the Catholic Letters. So, in this post, I thought I would take the opportunity to review what is already available for the ECM of the Catholic Letters, update online resources for ECM Acts, and explain what will be available for the ECM Mark.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The INTF’s homepage lists a number of “<a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/index_en.shtml"><u>Online Utilities</u></a>”. These cover different topics but I’ve singled out the pertinent ones for the ECM and CBGM and have listed them here for convenience.</p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ECM-digitaltools.jpg/a9be4735-aac1-4441-adfb-94ca7b98f282?t=1623402254465" /></p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Image: ECM Volumes and available Digital Tools and Downloads</span></em></span></p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"> </p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">ECM IV: The Catholic Letters</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em>Textual Changes</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The ECM of the Catholic Letters (2nd edition, 2013) contained 33 textual changes compared to the NA27. These changes were adopted in the NA28 and are listed in the NA28 on pages 50*-51* and posted on the INTF’s website under “NA28” and <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/NA28/files/TextChangesNA28.pdf"><u>Textual Changes</u></a>. The first printing of the NA28 listed 34 textual changes, but the entry concerning the elision in ἀλλά in 1 Peter 2:25 was removed in later printings (since it is only orthographical); this resulted in 33 textual changes. Spellings were changed in a number of locations in the NA28. For a complete list see <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/NA28/files/OrthNA28en.pdf"><u>Orthographical standardization</u></a> under “NA28” in “Online Utilities”.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em>Split Primary Lines</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">A split primary line occurs when the editors leave the decision open where two or more variants of about equal weight should be adopted in their reconstruction of the <em>Ausgangstext</em>. There are 43 split-line (diamond) readings in the ECM of the Catholic Letters, which were incorporated into the NA28. A list of diamond readings was posted under the “NA28” link under <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/NA28/en.html"><u>Split Primary Line in ECM2</u></a>. The NA28 itself does not list these.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em>CBGM</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM) offers tools for reconstructing the <em>Ausgangstext </em>in the ECM which is based on full transcriptions of witnesses. Decisions are based on textual criticism and philological study of all variants. The CBGM and its data for the Catholic Letters is available online <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/cbgm/index_en.html"><u>here</u></a>.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">ECM III: Acts</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em>Textual Changes</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">Compared to the NA28, the ECM of Acts has 52 textual changes. For a list, see <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/ECMActs_Textual-changes_Eng.pdf"><u>Textual Changes</u></a> under “ECM Acts” in “Online Utilities”.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em>Split Guiding Lines</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">There are 155 split lines in ECM Acts. A list of these is found under <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/ECMActs_Split-primary-line_Eng.pdf"><u>Split Primary Line</u></a>.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em>CBGM</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The CBGM for Acts is also available online <a href="https://ntg.uni-muenster.de/acts/ph4/"><u>here</u></a>. Phase 4 of the CBGM for Acts uses the new interface designed by the Cologne Center for eHumanities.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em>Textual Commentary and Digital Edition</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">It’s important to note that all of the textual changes and split lines are discussed in the online textual commentary on the NTVMR, explained <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/an-interactive-textual-commentary-on-acts"><u>here</u></a>. The “Text-Critical Commentary” gives concise reasons why one variant is favored over another (in the case of textual changes) or explains why the decision has been left open (in the case of split lines).</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> This commentary has been integrated into the <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/ecm"><u>digital ECM (dECM)</u></a>. The dECM displays the text of ECM Acts (different from the NA28) and offers interactivity that is not possible in a printed edition. For example, the apparatus links to transcriptions and images of manuscripts, there is more versional data included than what was in the printed ECM, and every variant unit has a link to the specific passage in the CBGM.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em>Patristic Citations</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">There is also the online database of Patristic citations available <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/patristik/"><u>here</u></a>. What is innovative about this database is that the reader is not only given the specific work of the author cited but also the full context of the quote. Nikolai Kiel has described <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/patristic-citations-in-new-testament-textual-criticism">how the ECM treats Patristic citations</a>.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em>Docker Container</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The newest addition to ECM Acts is the Docker container, which is a downloadable package that enables you to run the CBGM for Acts on your own computer. Different from the online CBGM, the program enables you to make different textual decisions and reestablish the local stemmata to your own theories. Video instructions for the CBGM Acts Docker are found <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0_tlbz_YVQ"><u>here</u></a>, which also includes a short introduction to the CBGM.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;">Mark</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">After the ECM of the Gospel of Mark appears in print (26 July 2021), we’ll upload a list of textual changes and split guiding lines online. Like Acts, there will be an online textual commentary, a digital version on the NTVMR, the CBGM (with downloadable docker container), and the Patristic citations database.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ECM-Mark-Advert.jpg/1c6d25ca-1f2d-48c5-8db0-a1b8275ebb38?t=1623654806225" /></p> <p style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Image: Advertisement of ECM Mark from German Bible Society</span></em></span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">We hope these resources will guide readers to better understand the data behind the editions and can provide a solid starting place for further research to take place. Now that a Docker container is available for Acts, anyone can now experiment with the CBGM, which may be the best way to learn how the method works firsthand.</p>Greg Paulson2021-06-10T14:26:00ZHow to Make a Critical Edition on the NTVMRGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=15442632022-02-07T18:50:03Z2021-04-08T07:26:00Z<p>(Updated @Classics URL for how to make a critical edition.)</p> <p> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/">NTVMR</a> is useful tool for researching Greek New Testament manuscripts (and manuscripts in other languages as well). The platform can, however, seem daunting at first sight. Over at the <em>Digital Orientalist</em>, I have written a short overview of the NTVMR and given brief explanations of the its main features. It can be read here: <a href="https://digitalorientalist.com/2021/04/02/introduction-to-the-ntvmr/">https://digitalorientalist.com/2021/04/02/introduction-to-the-ntvmr/</a></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/CriticalEdition1.jpg/ba398ab4-ecd5-4f57-887a-fdcb057dc402?t=1617867076809" /></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">You can also find helpful information about how to use the NTVMR under: <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/help">https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/help</a></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">For those of you who are already familiar with the NTVMR and want to collate manuscripts and make your own critical edition, there is a step-by-step guide, now published in <em>@Classics</em>, which can be accessed here: <a href="https://classics-at.chs.harvard.edu/classics18-paulson/">https://classics-at.chs.harvard.edu/classics18-paulson/</a></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">This guide will show you how to view the differences between any manuscripts of your choosing (provided you or someone else has already transcribed them) on the NTVMR.</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/CriticalEdition2.jpg/138f3fbf-3939-4d82-85a2-737dc6fb749c?t=1617867084189" /></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em style="font-size: 12pt;">Image of Unedited Realtime Collation tool in the NTVMR</em></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">The NTVMR is not just a space to view images, but offers a customizable environment to build your own text-critical project. I hope you give it a try! Feedback is welcome.</p>Greg Paulson2021-04-08T07:26:00ZDownload the CBGM Docker ContainerGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=14809552020-12-04T11:19:45Z2020-12-04T11:19:00Z<p><span style="font-size:14px;">There is now a docker container available for the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM) for Acts. It can be downloaded here: <a href="https://hub.docker.com/r/scdh/intf-cbgm-db-server">https://hub.docker.com/r/scdh/intf-cbgm-db-server</a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Here is a tutorial on how to install it and a brief introduction to how the CBGM works: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0_tlbz_YVQ">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0_tlbz_YVQ</a></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Bibliography</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Mink, Gerd. “The Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM) – Introductory Presentation.” Release 1.0, 2009, <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/downloads_en.shtml">egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/downloads_en.shtml</a>.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">---. “Problems of a Highly Contaminated Tradition: the New Testament. Stemmata of Variants as a Source of a Genealogy for Witnesses.” <em>Studies in Stemmatology II</em>, edited by Pieter van Reenen, August den Hollander, and Margot van Mulken, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004, pp. 13-85. <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=3UtzCBa9FnEC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=mink+%E2%80%9CProblems+of+a+Highly+Contaminated+Tradition:+the+New+Testament.+Stemmata+of+Variants+as+a+Source+of+a+Genealogy+for+Witnesses.%E2%80%9D&source=bl&ots=dc4OsEqeeA&sig=ACfU3U22DX7pwoTOmTmA6x34nJAJ9a2EDA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSp7fN15XrAhUL8KQKHTEIBZcQ6AEwBHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">Limited Google Books preview</a></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><em>Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior</em>, ed. the Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Volume III: The Acts of the Apostles, ed. Holger </span>Strutwolf, Georg Gäbel, Annette Hüffmeier, Gerd Mink, and Klaus Wachtel. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2017.</p> <p> </p> <p>Wachtel, Klaus. “An Interactive Textual Commentary on Acts.” <em>INTF Blog,</em> <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/an-interactive-textual-commentary-on-acts">https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/an-interactive-textual-commentary-on-acts</a>.</p>Greg Paulson2020-12-04T11:19:00ZRemarks on Carlson, “A Bias at the Heart of the CBGM” (Guest post by Gerd Mink)Greg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=14299092020-08-28T16:57:59Z2020-08-28T16:26:00Z<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Just recently, Stephen Carlson’s article, <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15699/jbl.1392.2020.5?seq=1">“A Bias at the Heart of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM),”</a> appeared in <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. While we at the INTF read this with great interest, we were soon disappointed by the number of misunderstandings contained therein. Criticisms of the CBGM are always welcomed, and we are eager to incorporate suggestions for improving it. Unfortunately we were not able to use Carlson’s publication as fodder for making improvements because his article evinces a general lack of understanding of the method.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">The suggestion to integrate “a common-error criterion within the mechanisms of the CBGM” shows that Carlson has not understood how the CBGM approach is fundamentally different from Lachmannian stemmatology, particularly with regard to errors. In a recent publication, Klaus Wachtel targets this exact point:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:14px;">For the CBGM, <i>coherence</i> is the pre-eminent feature of the New Testament manuscript tradition for which it was developed in the first place. In Lachmannian methodology, common errors are used to trace genealogical structures. [...]</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:14px;"> In the context of the CBGM, all grammatically sound, or at least tolerable textual differences, which are not merely orthographical, are considered variants. An indicative error would have to be a variant in this sense to be genealogically useful because, as a rule, clerical errors were corrected, not copied, by the scribes. The CBGM abstains from identifying variants as errors, a principle that offers two advantages over against the common-error method: (1) we do not have to know at the outset, relying only on our philological acumen, which variants are errors and which are true renderings of the text in a pristine exemplar; and (2) we are not immediately confronted with the problem of contamination which admittedly [...] is the biggest problem for Lachmannian genealogy.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:14px;"> Instead, we can make use of quantitative data regarding similarities and differences between witnesses, i.e. pre-genealogical coherence, to get an impression of the consistency of attestations. [...]</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:14px;"> The most important innovation brought about by the CBGM compared to Lachmannian methodology is the perception and description of genealogical relations. According to [the neo-Lachmannian scholar] Trovato, the relationship between any two manuscripts A and B can be assigned to one of three types, A>B, B>A, or A<x>B. For the textual tradition of the Greek New Testament, it would not be a reasonable goal to describe the relationship between any two manuscripts following this pattern. For any two New Testament witnesses A and B, i.e. states of text preserved in manuscripts, there is textual flow of the type A>B, which stands side by side with flow in the opposite direction (B>A), as well as A<x>B, due to contamination</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:14px;">(<a href="http://www.academia.edu/43736768/The_Development_of_the_Coherence_Based_Genealogical_Method_CBGM_its_Place_in_Textual_Scholarship_and_Digital_Editing">Wachtel, “The Development of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM),”</a> 438-439, referring to Trovato, <i>Lachmann’s Method</i>, 57).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Gerd Mink, who first devised the CBGM, has been retired for some years now but has taken the opportunity to engage with the main points of Carlson’s discussion. Because he wanted to respond in a timely manner, he decided a blog post would be best. Therefore, below I present Mink’s remarks. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px;">1. Invented Textual Genealogy: Carlson’s Scenario 2</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">In his article “A Bias at the Heart of the CBGM,” Carlson complains that the CBGM cannot figure out a simple scenario that he has invented himself. His scenario 2 has 18 variant passages with two variants each, which are assigned to five witnesses (including the initial text <i>A</i>); a simple case indeed. Carlson speaks of errors; I will use the term variants and assume that their agreements in the same place are not coincidental and rest upon high connectivity variants. Thus, both errors and variants are equally able to connect witnesses stemmatically. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Mink2.jpg/d224edfa-b24b-453d-846e-9c7be7434f95?t=1597237088277" /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><i>Image: Figure 4. Carlson</i>,<i> 330</i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">The stemma in fig. 4 shows Carlson's results, and it is not surprising that it corresponds exactly to the invented case. Carlson uses phylogenetic software to display such figures. The analysis behind them evaluates the agreement of the witnesses and their distance from each other, measured by the number of disagreements that separate them. To put it simply: agreements argue for belonging to the same branch; disagreements cause the branch to split.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/MInk1.jpg/940722ad-b178-490a-aa68-6db7a9e04ef2?t=1597237083365" /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><i>Image: Chart of 18 Passages. Carlson</i>,<i> 330</i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">The case seems well constructed to fit the resulting stemma. According to Carlson, the CBGM is not able to reconstruct this scenario and therefore must be rejected.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">It is an unfortunate disadvantage for Carlson that his own scenario has such a small number of witnesses and variants because it gives the reader other options to come up with different stemmata than he did. A higher number would have been better since it would restrict the range of possible combinations in the global stemma. In the present simple case the 18 variant places correspond to 18 local stemmata of variants (‘a’ is the prior variant and ‘b’ is the posterior variant: a>b). These also allow for global stemmata of witnesses other than what are presented by Carlson in fig. 4 (see above). In addition to the four witnesses and the initial text <i>A</i>, Carlson invented two lost hypothetical witnesses, X and Y, that have left no traces in the local stemmata and are only visible to the inventor of the scenario.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Therefore, the text critic can proceed only from the variants at the 18 passages. It is not difficult to find stemmata that are compatible with all 18 local stemmata, for instance: </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Mink0.jpg/38dc1802-1c50-46e2-9aac-e0630f823ddb?t=1598513226953" /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">The stemmata have 5 nodes (= 4 witnesses and the reconstructed initial text <i>A</i>) and 6 edges (= arrows connecting stemmatic ancestors and descendants) each. These stemmata are more parsimonious than Carlson's fig. 4 because they do not require hypothetical witnesses. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">It may be helpful to give an explanation about the left stemma. Here are what the arrows represent:</span></p> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Arrow A > B: B agrees with A at the variant places 2-18. At place 1, the variant of B is derived from A. All 18 places are agreements or are prior variants in A.</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Arrow A > E: E agrees with A at the variant places 1, 6-11, 13-16. E is derived from A at the variant places 2-5, 12, 17-18. All 18 places are agreements or are prior variants in A.</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Arrows pointing to C: at variant place 1, C agrees with A and E. At variant places 2-5, C agrees with E. At variant places 6-11, C is derivable from A or E. At variant places 12, 17-18, C agrees with A. At variant places 13-16, C agrees with A and E. All 18 places are agreements or are prior variants in A and/or E.</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Arrows pointing to D: at variant place 1, D agrees with A and E. At variant places 2-5, D agrees with E. At variant places 6-11, D agrees with A and E. At variant place 12, D agrees with E. At variant places 13-16, D is derivable from A or E. At variant places 17-18, D agrees with A. All 18 places are agreements or are prior variants in A and /or E.</span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">It is a little irritating that Carlson always speaks of “witnesses”, but also calls his invented witnesses “manuscript copies” and uses the formulation “stemma codicum” (p. 326; p. 336 referring to real witnesses), which, however, he contradicts on the same page (cf. note 49). In fact, Carlson has developed two scenarios of <em>manuscript</em><em>s</em> that are copied from each other and whose copyists make errors (on implications of the distinction between witness and manuscript cf. below and Mink, “Manuscripts, Texts, History, and the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method,” 281-283).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">The CBGM deals with witnesses, not manuscripts. In Carlson's constructed case, manuscripts and witnesses are the same thing, a fact that cannot be deduced from the data. The data does not reveal anything about the completeness of the tradition, i.e. whether witnesses are directly or indirectly related. The latter is the normal case in the NT tradition and renders a stemma codicum impossible. In the CBGM, a global stemma displays a structure of the data according to specific rules; it does not immediately display the actual history of transmission—a phylogenetic stemma does nothing else, by the way.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">The alternative stemmata above contain contamination. In a global CBGM stemma, which can show only the preserved tradition and does not include lost links, several arrows pointing to a witness do not mean that contamination has necessarily taken place in that witness. Still, it may appear there as a result of contamination in lost predecessor witnesses. (On contamination as a process and as a result of a loss of witnesses cf. Mink “<a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/downloads_en.shtml">Introductory Presentation</a>,” 58-63; cf. also the section “How to Understand a Global Stemma” in Mink, “Manuscripts, Texts, History, and the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method,” 284-287.)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">In other stemmatic methods, it may be that hyparchetypes represent lost predecessor witnesses. Let us take the left alternative stemma again. Arrows point from E and A to D. E and D show many agreements. At some places, however, we read in E an older variant, in other places vice versa. That is what the local stemmata indicate. The reason for this situation can be that the transmission is split or is contaminated. The data do not tell us anything about it. Maybe a lost hyparchetype caused the textual state in D. Therefore, the left alternative stemma could be compatible with Carlson's stemma. We cannot know how many hyparchetypes and where in the stemma they should be assumed, especially in a more complex situation. (On the needlessness of hyparchetypes, see Mink, “Manuscripts, Texts, History, and the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method,” 289; Mink, “Problems of a Highly Contaminated Tradition,” 48, 59-67; Paulson, “Improving the CBGM,” 301f.)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">In his essay, Carlson takes scenario 1 (10 variant passages) as his starting point. The only difference in scenario 2 (18 variant passages) discussed here is that C and D have additional variants compared to scenario 1. Yet, according to Carlson's invented scenario, the stemma should remain the same—except for the greater distances of C and D from A. In order to test how the CBGM processes his hypothetical scenario, Carlson has chosen the completely wrong approach; he uses potential ancestors and textual flow diagrams instead of stemmatic coherence. The above mentioned alternative stemmatic possibilities, based on scenario 2, would also be compatible with scenario 1 since its data is only a subset of the data of scenario 2. Carlson's example does not demonstrate what he wanted it to demonstrate.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">The essential point is: the CBGM does not claim to reconstruct the historical sequence of copying activities. Phylogenetic methods do not achieve this either (cf. Bordalejo, “Genealogy of Texts”). Also Carlson has not <em>reconstructed </em>but rather <em>invented </em>a copying scenario following what his method is able to represent. He must introduce hypothetical witnesses X and Y because his graphic (bifurcating and allowing terminal nodes only for non-hypothetical witnesses) requires this. Yet, X and Y left no definite traces in the data, so in a parsimonious graph there is no need to assume them. And what has left behind no traces, cannot be found. The data is not unambiguous.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">As we see, we can invent still other copy scenarios for the same local stemmata. We can declare that one of them (including contamination) is the actual one, and—as it appears—Carlson's method used for fig. 4 would not find it, despite its simplicity. Would Carlson then make the same judgment about the method he applies as he did about the CBGM?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px;">2. Epistemological Premises</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Here is Carlson's verdict on the CBGM: </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">“If a method cannot handle this simple case correctly, it should be rejected or fixed so that it can” (p. 325).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">“If a method is misled in the simplest of cases due to some bias, how confident can one be that it will work in the more complicated cases?” (p. 335).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">We should bear in mind that no method, not even computer-aided, can reconstruct historical events in detail (see again Bordalejo). This is even more obvious when elements (here the hypothetical witnesses) are hidden, as is the case in Carlson’s chart of 18 passages.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">In principle, where we have positive knowledge, we do not need hypotheses. If we know some details of the copying history, we must apply this knowledge in the CBGM or any other method. Normally, we know only the variants. As for the stemma, many possibilities may arise. The witnesses in Carlson's fig. 4 have their place due to the introduction of hypothetical witnesses and because Carlson knows the copying history, <i>as he invented it himself</i>. Again, it is easy to invent another copying history with the same texts, but it would not be represented by the method used for fig. 4. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px;">3. Key Terms and Concepts of the CBGM Approach Misunderstood</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">The core problem of Carlson’s article is that he does not seem to understand the overall concept of the CBGM. Although he refers to CBGM terms, which are explained in almost all publications on the CBGM, he does not understand them according to their rigid and precise definitions; these definitions correspond to rules on how the associated values are obtained and the defined terms do not allow for connotative interpretations. Moreover, he does not observe the intentions and claims of modules contained in the Genealogical Queries.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1 Textual Flow Diagrams</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">One of Carlson’s key misunderstandings is that he reads textual flow diagrams as if they were genealogical representations of actual textual history. He does not follow the definitions of potential ancestor and textual flow diagram (even though he cites them!). The potential ancestors are, of course, hardly ever the actual ancestors of any manuscript. They are also not proxies for which there would be some text to reconstruct. They do not represent anything but themselves. The textual flow diagrams are not stemmata (Gurry wrote explicitly on this point in “The Harklean Syriac” p. 198). Nor does the coherence of an attestation determine whether a reading is the initial text. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">It is crucial in the CBGM not to confuse genealogical coherence with stemmatical coherence nor potential ancestors with stemmatic ancestors (or even actual historical ancestors of manuscripts). Only a few of the potential ancestors have a chance to become stemmatic ancestors in a substemma of the descendant in question, even if they have the highest ranking numbers. On the other hand, witnesses which are not potential ancestors can become stemmatic ancestors in an optimal substemma. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2. Relatives Tables</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">To interpret textual flow diagrams correctly, it is important to know that they are only simplifying graphic representations of the data; they must be viewed with the Relatives table in the new interface for Acts, phase 4 (or in “Show Tables” option for the Catholic Letters) for a better understanding of the genealogical scenario. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">For an example in a new interface which has not yet been transferred to the Catholic Letters, go to Coherence and Textual Flow in <a href="https://ntg.uni-muenster.de/acts/ph4/">Genealogical Queries Acts (phase 4)</a>. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Mink5.jpg/8a0f5857-43f0-4eab-abf6-6b1dd9bf08e1?t=1597237102236" /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><i>Image: Genealogical Queries for Acts</i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Next, click on any manuscript and see the result.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> <img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Mink4.jpg/9332c48b-855a-4cfc-af8e-9aa45729da7f?t=1597237096870" /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><i>Example of Relatives Table for 03 in Acts</i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">The column with the percentages shows pre-genealogical coherence, that is, the textual agreement between two witnesses which does not change no matter how many prior variants a witness has. The columns W1<W2 and W1>W2 show the results of the construction of the local stemmata between two witnesses: in the example above, 01 has 192 prior variants to 03, and 03 has 328 prior variants to 01. Using textual flow diagrams without consulting the data behind them (i.e. the Relatives tables) can be misleading. (See also Wachtel on this: <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/an-interactive-textual-commentary-on-acts">https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/an-interactive-textual-commentary-on-acts</a>; and on how to interpret the listings of potential ancestors, see especially <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/downloads_en.shtml">Mink, “Introductory Presentation,”</a> 255-297.)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3 Connectivity</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Another fundamental problem is that Carlson does not seem to comprehend the purpose of the connectivity option in Genealogical Queries (cf. Carlson, 325, 334, and passim). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Mink3.jpg/610b2418-d265-433a-ba08-522710fe48a7?t=1597237092791" /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><i>Image: Option to select connectivity in Genealogical Queries</i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><i> </i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">This option enables users to test the stability of the resulting diagrams by setting different values. In many cases, the values of 10 (in the Catholic Letters) or 5 (in Acts) are only reasonable starting points. Instability will raise doubts if high connectivity has been assumed on internal grounds. No definitive statements about connectivity are made regarding textual flow diagrams. There is no right or wrong value. The inserted value is based on the user’s (preliminary) assessment. Different areas in a textual flow diagram may even require different connectivity assumptions (depending on closer or more distant relationship of witnesses in an area). Definitive statements are required during the construction of substemmata to decide on whether possible stemmatic connections are necessary. (Cf. <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/downloads_en.shtml">Mink, “Introductory Presentation,”</a> 529-537.)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px;">4. Essential Methodological Procedures Neglected</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">In short: Carlson has used the tool “Coherence in Attestations” for something for which it was not designed. Instead, he should have dealt with stemmatic coherence, the formation of optimal substemmata, and the global stemma; only there do hypotheses about the stemmatic structure of the tradition develop. Carlson, however, neglects this and other major parts of the methodology he criticizes.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px;">4.1 The Text Is the Witness, the Manuscript its Carrier</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">It is also unclear whether Carlson understands that in a contaminated tradition almost every witness, even a potential ancestor, has a proportion of both older and younger variants compared to any close relative. In his section that deals with 1 Jn 1:7 (scenario 3), Carlson writes (p. 336), </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px;">This situation not only resembles that of scenario 2, but it inspired it. In both cases, the potential ancestor bias manifests itself against witnesses that branched off early from the predominant textual flow but acquired a large number of secondary and singular readings of their own. The texts that correspond to scenario 2's C and D in the textual transmission of 1 John are 01 and 02.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Carlson correctly identifies the reasons that lead to greater distances from A than we see in 1739. His phylogenetic software displays these distances, too (for the place of 01 in light of CBGM data, see <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/downloads_en.shtml">Mink, “Introductory Presentation,”</a> 270-295, especially 290.). As for scenario 2, we do not know the kind of variants which produce the distances there.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">To take 01, 02, and 1739, which are cited by Carlson, as examples: in the Catholic Letters. The text of 1739 does not have a genealogically older text than 01 or 02 in <i>every</i> place but in the<i> majority </i>of places, i.e. it has ancestor variants more often than vice versa. Only these places could offer a connection pointing from a stemmatic ancestor to a descendant in the global stemma (i.e. not the places where the ancestor reads text posterior to the descendant). And of course, there are places where 1739 has text posterior to 01 or 02. Carlson claims there is “a bias against texts on old lineages like 01 and 02, and a bias in favor of stemmatically later texts like 1739 whose copying is more strictly controlled. The net effect of this bias is to overvalue the witness of 1739 at the expense of 01 and 02” (p. 337). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">On which basis are texts considered “stemmatically later”? Is an early textual error more valuable than textual accuracy documented in a later manuscript? It is neither bias nor contradiction to identify older variants in younger manuscripts. At the many variant places where the witness 01 reads a posterior variant, it cannot be an ancestor of the witness 1739. Carlson jettisons the important distinction between the age of a manuscript and the age of its text as represented in the majority of its variants. In this context again, it is of great significance not to confuse potential ancestors with stemmatic ancestors, nor textual flow diagrams with global stemmata, and a stemma of witnesses (=texts) must not be read in the same way as a stemma codicum. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px;">4.2 The CBGM Is a Tool, not a Decision-Maker</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">At the end of his essay, we find the following curious statement: “The potential-ancestor formula favors certain witnesses at the expense of others in certain genealogical configurations that it cannot detect a priori” (p. 339). The role of potential ancestors is not to detect genealogical configurations. A potential ancestor is a witness with more prior variants than the witness being compared. Genealogical configurations are offered in optimal substemmata. The role a given potential ancestor will play there cannot be read from lists of potential ancestors or textual flow diagrams.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Carlson continues: “For 1 John, it appears that the CBGM favors 1739 at the expense of Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus, and the full extent of the bias is not apparent. It has probably made the omission of δέ in 1 John 1:7 more viable than it really is.” Apart from the fact that there is no bias, the textual non-decision (i.e. split primary line) in 1 Jn 1:7 is not required by the CBGM as such. The CBGM provides tools and does not make textual decisions. Text-critical decisions like the one in 1Jn 1:7/3 are never enforced by some algorithm or automatism of the CBGM. These decisions are made by the editors. Anyone who has familiarized themselves with a basic introduction like Wasserman and Gurry’s <i>A New Approach to Textual Criticism </i>would know this. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px;">5. Conclusion</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span lang="EN-US">In closing, Carlson's assumption that there is bias in the CBGM is the result of misunderstandings and wrong application. Any method will have advantages and disadvantages as well. Proper understanding of its possibilities and limitations is crucial. Different methodological approaches to textual criticism are highly welcome as is informed and substantiated criticism. Overall, however, it appears that Carlson’s latest article has only very selectively grappled with literature which explains the CBGM and has not grasped the overall concept of the method and its key components. Wachtel's essay, </span>“<span lang="EN-US">The Development of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM), its Place in Textual Scholarship, and Digital Editing,</span>”<span lang="EN-US"> would serve here as a useful corrective to understanding that the CBGM is deliberately non-Lachmannian.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">The problem is not that Carlson clearly favors a different method than the CBGM. In fact, Edmondson's 2018 Ph.D. thesis demonstrates that an analysis of the CBGM is also possible from a phylogenetic perspective (Edmondson, <em>An Analysis of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method Using Phylogenetics</em>). In only selectively and superficially engaging with the relevant literature, Carlson’s article has unfortunately cultivated a new series of misunderstandings about the CBGM and its functionalities, most of which could have been avoided had he just made use of my entry level <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/downloads_en.shtml">“Introductory Presentation.”</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">It is hoped that my blogpost encourages interested researchers to form their own opinion based on the relevant literature on the CBGM. The aforementioned <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/downloads_en.shtml">“Introductory Presentation” </a>may be a good start.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><b>Works Cited</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Bordalejo, Barbara. “The Genealogy of Texts: Manuscript Traditions and Textual Traditions.” <i>Digital Scholarship in the Humanities</i>, vol. 31, no. 3, 2016, pp. 563-577. Links to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqv038">publisher</a> and <a href="https://www.academia.edu/16837584/The_Genealogy_of_Texts_Manuscript_Traditions_and_Textual_Traditions">Academia</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15699/jbl.1392.2020.5?seq=1">Carlson, Stephen C. “A Bias at the Heart of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM).” <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>, vol. 139, no. 2, 2020, pp. 319-340</a>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Edmondson, Andrew Charles. <i>An Analysis of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method Using Phylogenetics</i>. 2019. University of Birmingham, PhD dissertation. <a href="https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/9150/">https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/9150/</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Gurry, Peter J. “The Harklean Syriac and the Development of the Byzantine Text: A Historical Test for the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM).” <i>Novum Testamentum</i>, vol. 60, 2020, pp. 183-200. Links to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341595">publisher</a> and <a href="https://www.academia.edu/36221977/The_Harklean_Syriac_and_the_Development_of_the_Byzantine_Text_A_Historical_Test_for_the_Coherence_Based_Genealogical_Method_CBGM_Prepub">Academia</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Mink, Gerd. “The Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM) – Introductory Presentation.” Release 1.0, 2009, <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/downloads_en.shtml">egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/downloads_en.shtml</a>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">---. “Manuscripts, Texts, History, and the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM): Some Thoughts and Clarifications.” <em>The New Testament in Antiquity and Byzantium: Traditional and Digital Approached to its Texts and Editing. A Festschrift for Klaus Wachtel</em>, edited by H.A.G. Houghton, David C. Parker, and Holger Strutwolf, De Gruyter, 2019, pp. 281-293. Link to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110591682">publisher</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">---. “Problems of a Highly Contaminated Tradition: the New Testament. Stemmata of Variants as a Source of a Genealogy for Witnesses.” <i>Studies in Stemmatology II</i>, edited by Pieter van Reenen, August den Hollander, and Margot van Mulken, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004, pp. 13-85. <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=3UtzCBa9FnEC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=mink+%E2%80%9CProblems+of+a+Highly+Contaminated+Tradition:+the+New+Testament.+Stemmata+of+Variants+as+a+Source+of+a+Genealogy+for+Witnesses.%E2%80%9D&source=bl&ots=dc4OsEqeeA&sig=ACfU3U22DX7pwoTOmTmA6x34nJAJ9a2EDA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSp7fN15XrAhUL8KQKHTEIBZcQ6AEwBHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">Limited Google Books preview</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Paulson, Gregory S. “Improving the CBGM: Recent Interactions.” <i>The New Testament in Antiquity and Byzantium: Traditional and Digital Approached to its Texts and Editing. A Festschrift for Klaus Wachtel</i>, edited by H.A.G. Houghton, David C. Parker, and Holger Strutwolf, De Gruyter, 2019, pp. 295-307. Links to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110591682-021">publisher</a> and <a href="https://www.academia.edu/41359440/_Improving_the_CBGM_Recent_Interactions_in_The_New_Testament_in_Antiquity_and_Byzantium_Traditional_and_Digital_Approaches_to_its_Texts_and_Editing_A_Festschrift_for_Klaus_Wachtel_ed_H_A_G_Houghton_David_C_Parker_and_Holger_Strutwolf_ANTF_52_Berlin_de_Gruyter_2019_295_307">Academia</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="https://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/everything-you-always-wanted-to/libro/9788862928601">Trovato, Paolo. <i>Everything you always Wanted to Know about Lachmann’s Method</i>. 2nd ed., Libreriauniversitaria.it, 2017</a>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">Wachtel, Klaus. “The Development of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM), its Place in Textual Scholarship, and Digital Editing.” <i>The Future of New Testament Textual Scholarship</i>, edited by Garrick Allen, Mohr-Siebeck, 2019, pp. 435-446. Links to <a href="https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/en/book/the-future-of-new-testament-textual-scholarship-9783161566622">publisher</a> and <a href="https://www.academia.edu/43736768/The_Development_of_the_Coherence_Based_Genealogical_Method_CBGM_its_Place_in_Textual_Scholarship_and_Digital_Editing">Academia</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;">---. “An Interactive Textual Commentary on Acts.” <i><span lang="DE">INTF Blog</span></i><span lang="DE">, <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/an-interactive-textual-commentary-on-acts">https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/an-interactive-textual-commentary-on-acts</a>.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span lang="DE"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="https://secure.aidcvt.com/sbl/ProdDetails.asp?ID=060399C&PG=1&Type=BL&PCS=SBL">Wasserman, Tommy and Peter Gurry. <i>A New Approach to Textual Criticism: An Introduction to the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method</i>. SBL, 2017</a>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p>Greg Paulson2020-08-28T16:26:00ZGospel Lectionary for SaleGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=14090952020-07-16T04:27:38Z2020-05-29T09:42:00Z<p><em>Update July 16, 2020</em>: L1996 is no longer a private sale, but is now being auctioned: <a href="https://www.lotsearch.net/lot/anonymous-scribe-and-illuminator-50082880">https://www.lotsearch.net/lot/anonymous-scribe-and-illuminator-50082880</a></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">One of the most challenging parts of keeping the <em>Kurzgefasste Liste</em> up to date is keeping track of the current locations of manuscripts. While many manuscripts remain at the same location for centuries, others have the tendency to be more elusive and have proven tricky to keep tabs on. Take, for example, the manuscripts in the Schøyen collection. In the last few years, we’ve discovered that a number of these have been auctioned:</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:14px;">0220</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:14px;">64</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:14px;">1361 / L2383</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:14px;">L1995</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:14px;">L2404</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">These are now housed at the Museum of the Bible. Schøyen also had a lectionary, L1996 (MS 800), in his possession until it was sold it in 2010. Formerly part of the Sir Thomas Phillipps collection, L1996 is a 12th century Greek Gospel lectionary with 247 leaves. We didn’t have any information about its new location since 2010.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="https://pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr/notices/cote/75226/">Pinakes noted</a> that the Robert McCarthy Collection in London had a leaf of L1996, a miniature of the evangelist John.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">As far as we were aware, the McCarthy Collection only had single pages of artwork (miniatures) from manuscripts rather than full manuscripts with text of the Greek New Testament. However, after inquiring with Georgi Parpulov, who contributed to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/37612628/Byzantine_Miniatures_in_the_McCarthy_Collection"><em>The McCarthy Collection, vol. 1 </em><em>Byzantine Miniatures</em> (2018)</a> catalogue, we learned that actually the whole L1996 manuscript was in the McCarthy collection (BM 2326), and Parpulov had personally examined it. He explained that a miniature was bound to the binding of L1996 but did not originally belong to it; in 2018, this miniature leaf was removed from L1996.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1996+miniature.jpg/6ca3c702-acb5-4010-97d8-0f4628feb93c?t=1590746176914" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:14px;">Microfilm of miniature from L1996 on NT.VMR</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">We updated the Liste with this new information and were happy to have found the new location for L1996 after having lost track of it for over 10 years.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Literally one hour later, we came across the sale of a 12th century Greek Gospel lectionary through Christie’s. After requesting more information about the private sale, we discovered this lectionary was, in fact, L1996! See <a href="https://www.christies.com/features/Viewing-Room-Books-and-Manuscripts-Private-Sales-10415-7.aspx?sc_lang=en&PID=mslp_related_features15">here for the Christie’s private sale</a>, although it takes a little scrolling to find it.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1996+Lect.jpg/e03410ae-e2ce-4604-8569-24365dd3bd95?t=1590746347790" /></p> <p><em>Screenshot of Christie's sale</em></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">At the time of writing, this manuscript is still available for purchase. We are hopeful we’ll receive a notification from the new owner when it is sold so we don’t lose track of it again. We are also lucky to have <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=41996">images of L1996 on the NT.VMR</a> to help identify it in the future.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Keeping track of auctioned manuscripts is not an easy task. We are very grateful to the many scholars and researchers out there who continue to assist us with this endeavor.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">To that end, we are still trying to trace down the location of these three Greek NT manuscripts, auctioned in the last few years (<a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/announcement-a-new-edition-of-the-kurzgefasste-liste-is-in-the-works">also mentioned here</a>).</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">GA 2346: <a href="http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2016/bible-collection-of-charles-caldwell-ryrie-n09539/lot.11.html">Sold on Sotheby’s in 2016, 11th century Gospels with commentary sold as part of the Charles Caldwell Ryrie collection</a>.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">GA 2805: <a href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/the-acts-and-letters-of-the-apostles-5749305-details.aspx?from=searchresults&intObjectID=5749305&sid=a856c98f-db09-4aef-9419-936e95adbd98">Sold on Christie’s in 2013, 11th century, Acts and Letters of the Apostles, formerly in Athens</a>.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">GA 851: <a href="http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2009/western-manuscripts-l09741/lot.39.html">Sold on Sotheby’s in 2009, Gospels, illuminated Gospel manuscript on vellum, owner unknown for many years</a>.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">The INTF is still offering a small prize for anyone who can help us pin down the new location of these manuscripts!</span></p> <p> </p>Greg Paulson2020-05-29T09:42:00ZÄnderung der Transkripte: ΤΓ > ΤΤmarie-luise lakmannhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13994112020-04-23T10:41:50Z2020-04-23T05:03:00Z<p><em>ΚΡΑΒΑ <span style="color:#FF0000;">Τ Γ</span> ΟΣ ► ΚΡΑΒΑ <span style="color:#FF0000;">Τ Τ</span> ΟΣ</em></p> <p><em>Änderung der Transkripte des Markusevangeliums für die Editio Critica Maior (ECM) aufgrund paläographischer Untersuchungen zu dem Wort κραβαττος.</em></p> <p> </p> <p>Eines der schwierigsten Wörter sowohl für die frühen Kopisten als auch für die heutigen Transkribenten ist das Wort κραβαττος ("das Bett"), das in den neutestamentlichen Berichten von der Heilung gelähmter Menschen mehrfach verwendet wird (insgesamt 12x: Mk 2:4. 9. 11. 12; 6:55; Joh 5:8-11. 12v.l.; Act 5:15; 9:33).</p> <p>Κραβαττος, so die lexikalischen Form, erscheint in den Handschriften (des Markusevangeliums) auf sehr unterschiedliche Weise und weist in den Transkripten eine ungewöhnlich hohe Fehlerquote auf; es findet sich kaum ein Transkript, dass den Text der Vorlage korrekt kopiert - auch nicht bei Transkribenten mit langjähriger Erfahrung. Dies liegt sicherlich nicht zuletzt in der Lesegewohnheit begründet, bei der das Auge hauptsächlich die ersten und die letzen Buchstaben eines Wortes erfasst, die dazwischen liegenden Buchstaben nur oberflächlich aufnimmt und aus der Erinnerung ergänzt bzw. beim Kollationieren dem vorgegebenen Basistext anpasst.</p> <p>Zu den Orthographica gehören die Vertauschung der doppelt bzw. einfach gesetzten Konsonanten β und τ:</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">a. κραββατος </p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">b. κραβατος</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">c. κραββαττος</p> <p>sowie die Lesart</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">d. κραβακτος (und das Neutrum το κραβακτον).</p> <p>Als Fehlerlesarten sind zu werten:</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">a. κραμβατος</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">b. γραβαττος</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">c. κραβαντος</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">d. κραββαντος</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">e. κραβανττος</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">f. κρεβαττος</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">g. κρεβαντος</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">h. κραβαγτος</p> <p>die sich jedoch z.T. erklären lassen: </p> <p>a. verschreibt das erste β durch μ, verursacht durch das vergleichbare Erscheinungsbild in der Minuskelschrift (wobei allerdings das Beta nicht nach links verbunden wird). Dies begegnet z.B. auch bei dem Wort ραββι/ραμβι (vgl. V. Gardthausen, Griechische Palaeographie, 2. Aufl., Leipzig 1978, II 213 f). (<a href="https://archive.org/details/griechischepaleo02gard/page/214/mode/2up">Link zu 1. Aufl.</a>).</p> <p>b. ähnelt der lateinischen Form <em>grabatus.</em> </p> <p>c.-e. verschreiben ττ durch ντ, vielleicht aus lautmalerischen Gründen. </p> <p>f.-g. Vokalvertauschung α/ε. Hierfür gibt es allerdings lediglich zwei Zeugen (GA <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=20032">032</a> und <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30013">13</a>; vgl. auch <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30872">872</a>*), die allerdings nur in 6:55 κρεβαττος bzw. κρεβαντος schreiben, in der Geschichte der Heilung des Gelähmten in Kapharnaum (2:4. 9. 11. 12) jedoch übereinstimmend die korrekte Form κραβαττος bezeugen. Dies deutet auf ein Versehen hin.</p> <p>h. Mit dieser Lesart begegnet eine Wortform, die - wenn sie nicht ähnlich wie c.-e. auf lautmalerische Gründe zurückgeht - eine Fehlerlesart ist, die ihren Urspung in einer paläographischen Besonderheit hat, die offenbar vom Schreiber nicht (mehr) erkannt wurde: Die Schreibung des Doppelkonsonanten ττ in der Minuskelschrift (s.u.).</p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Am weitesten verbreitet waren die Lesarten κραβαττος und κραββατος. Auffällig ist, dass die Schreibweise auch innerhalb einer Handschrift variieren kann, die Schreiber also an den verschiedenen Stellen unterschiedliche Wortformen genutzt haben, wie beispielsweise:</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 500px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td>GA</td> <td>Mk 2:4</td> <td>Mk 2:9</td> <td>Mk 2:11</td> <td>Mk 2:12</td> <td>Mk 6:55</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=31216">1216</a></td> <td>κραββατον</td> <td>κραβαττον</td> <td>κραβαττον</td> <td>κραβαττον</td> <td>κραββατον</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=31579">1579</a></td> <td>κραβατον</td> <td>κραβαττον</td> <td>κραβαττον</td> <td>κραβαττον</td> <td>κραββατον<br /> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Insgesamt kann aber beobachtet werden, dass häufig bei textlicher Nähe (2:4-12) die gleiche Schreibweise verwendet wurde, an der späteren Stelle dagegen (6:55) eine andere.</span></p> <p>Eine Besonderheit stellt in diesem Zusammenhang die Schreibweise des doppelten Tau (ττ) dar, die in den Handschiften oftmals wie eine Verbindung von Tau und Gamma (τγ) erscheint und daher in den Transkripten - fälschlicherweise - bisher auch als solche transkribiert wurde (z.B. κραβατγον).</p> <p>Hinter dieser Ligatur steht das Bestreben der Minuskelschrift, Buchstaben ohne Aufheben des Stiftes in einer Linie zu schreiben und die waagerechten und senkrechten Striche miteinander zu verbinden. Dies führte sowohl für das Gamma als auch für das Tau zu ähnlich erscheinenden offenen Formen: ⋎. Beide Buchstaben konnten nach rechts mit dem folgenden Buchstaben verbunden werden, so dass es zu einem nicht mehr unterscheidbaren Erscheingungsbild kam:</p> <p><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=31243">1243</a>, Mk 6,55, Z.15 <img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Krabbatos1.jpg/87246f6a-efa0-4551-bd36-25bae4abf0c6?t=1587381616408" /> (κραβατ-τοις)</p> <p>und ebd. 7,4, Z.27 <img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Krabbatos2.jpg/0b605fdf-684e-47dd-8a55-49d4c1452710?t=1587381629725" /> (αγο-ρας).</p> <p>Diese offene Form des Tau war vor allem in der frühen Kursive gebräuchlich. In den Handschriften wird sie jedoch nicht mehr für ein allein stehendes Tau verwendet; sie findet sich nur noch in den Ligaturen für das doppelte Tau (ττ = τ<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">γ</span>) (vgl. Gardthausen [s.o.] ΙΙ 202. 215).</p> <p>Ein Vergleich aller Schreibweisen dieses Wortes an den fünf Stellen im Markusevangelium zeigt, dass die Majuskelform ττ sowie die kursive Schreibweise in der Ligatur τγ unterschiedslos verwendet wurden:</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:500px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td>GA</td> <td>2,4</td> <td>2,9</td> <td>2,11</td> <td>2,12</td> <td>6,55</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30023">23</a></p> </td> <td>ττ</td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τ</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">γ</span></td> <td>ττ</td> <td>ττ</td> <td>ττ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30351">351</a></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τ</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">γ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τ</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">γ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τ</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">γ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td>ττ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30788">788</a></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td>ττ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30826">826</a></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td>ττ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30863">863</a></td> <td>ττ</td> <td>ττ</td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td>ττ</td> <td>ττ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=31029">1029</a></td> <td>ττ</td> <td>ττ</td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td>ττ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=31216">1216</a></td> <td>ττ</td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td>ττ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=31243">1243</a></td> <td>τ</td> <td>τ</td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=31579">1579</a></td> <td>τ</td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td>τ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=31675">1675</a></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td>τ / ττ</td> <td>τ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=32193">2193</a></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td>ττ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=32411">2411</a></td> <td>ττ</td> <td>ττ</td> <td>ττ</td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">τγ</span></td> <td>τ</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%"> </p> <p>Dass die Schreibung τγ die offene Darstellungsform des ττ ist und nicht als Tau-Gamma gelesen werden darf, zeigt sich vor allem bei Worttrennungen zwischen diesen beiden Buchstaben, wie sie z.B. GA <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30261">261</a> bei Mk 2:4; GA <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30495">495</a>. <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30543">543</a>. <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30826">826</a> bei Mk 6:55 und GA <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30892">892</a> bei Mk 2:11 vorkommen: An (fast) allen genannten Stellen im Markusevangelium verwendet der jeweilige Schreiber die Ligatur in Form von τγ, nur an der Stelle der Worttrennung schreibt er: κραβατ-τον. Er versteht also die Ligatur korrekt, wohingegen in GA <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30124">124</a> an der ersten Selle Tau - Gamma getrennt und im weiteren Verlauf der Schrift einheitlich τγ verwendet wird; hier scheint der Schreiber das Wort κραβατγον gelesen zu haben, wohl in Unkenntnis dieses paläographischen Phänomens.</p> <p>Die Verwendung der Ligatur für das doppelte Tau kommt neben κραβαττον auch in anderen Worten des Markusevangeliums vor:</p> <p>GA <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30472">472</a>: 7:37 εκπληττοντο</p> <p>GA <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=30863">863</a>: 7:36 εκηρυττον</p> <p>GA <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=31542">1542</a>: 1:22 εκπληττοντο</p> <p>GA <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=32738">2738</a>: 1:27 επιταττω; 1:30 πυρεττουσα</p> <p>Wir haben uns entschieden, die Ligatur des doppelten Tau in den Minuskeln - die ja vergleichbar ist mit der offenen Form des doppelten Sigma - auch als ττ zu transkribieren und nicht mehr - wie bisher - als Fehlerlesart τγ.</p> <p>Die entsprechenden Korrekturen der im NT.VMR publizierten Transkripte des Markusevangeliums für die ECM wurden bereits abgeschlossen, für die übrigen Transkripte - besonders der Apostelgeschichte (ECM Bd. III) - wird sie folgen. </p> <p> </p>marie-luise lakmann2020-04-23T05:03:00ZNew Developments in Text Type TheoriesGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13977062020-04-06T16:12:00Z2020-04-06T16:02:00Z<div>The latest issue of <em>Biblische Notizen</em> has just been published and should be useful for anyone interested in text types (see <a href="https://www.herder.de/bn-nf/hefte/archiv/2020/184-2020/">here</a>). One of the articles, written by Holger Strutwolf, offers a historical foray into theories of the development of variants, suggesting that new methods and theories are needed to take into account the complexity of the New Testament manuscript tradition. Another article, written by Klaus Wachtel, describes how traditional theories of text types can be abandoned using the CBGM. His abstract states, “Dieser Neuansatz geht von der Beschreibung von Beziehungen zwischen individuellen Textzeugen aus, die als Elemente einer generellen Entwicklung gesehen werden, die in der spätbyzantinischen Textform ihren Abschluss findet.”<br /> </div> <div>We hope everyone is staying safe and taking good care of yourself and your loved ones during this difficult time.</div>Greg Paulson2020-04-06T16:02:00ZStudien zum Text der Apokalypse IIIDarius Muellerhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13918032020-03-19T13:10:45Z2020-03-19T11:25:00Z<p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/12086/1056595/Screenshot_Cover_ANTF51.jpg/44fcc838-8c73-483e-b769-a601e3e628eb?t=1584613408000" /></p> <p><span style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">We are happy to announce the next </span><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/533328" style="color: rgb(0, 154, 229); font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">volume of studies concerning the text and transmission of Revelation</a><span style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">. It represents major research results from the ISBTF staff and associates in preparation of the ECM of Revelation. The essay collection “Studien III” edited by Marcus Sigismund and Darius Müller together with Matthias Geigenfeind is now available from De Gruyter and can be found at select bookstores. The volume consists of four parts: 1) Progress report of the Project, 2) Greek transmission, 3) Versions (Latin, Ethiopic, Georgian, Arabic, Slavonic), and 4) an edition of the marginal glosses of GA 2323 concerning the text of Revelation. We hope this offers a bit of easy reading amid the corona crisis </span><span style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">and sweetens your time working from home. Have fun reading it! Positive reviews are welcome </span><img alt="wink" height="20" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/html/js/editor/ckeditor/plugins/smiley/images/wink_smile.gif" title="wink" width="20" />.</p>Darius Mueller2020-03-19T11:25:00ZNew Testament manuscripts from Mount Athos. Part II: Manuscripts on paperTheodora Panellahttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13898132020-03-09T12:03:38Z2020-03-09T11:56:00Z<p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans";"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/GA1591+ff.+3v-4r.jpg/8b87ddae-d69c-43f2-bfec-c7ad7285ef87?t=1583754948433" /></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; text-align: center;"><em>Image: </em>GA1591 ff. 3v-4r, from Mount Athos online repository</p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; text-align: center;"> </p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans";"><span style="color: rgb(32, 31, 30); font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web (West European)", "Segoe UI", -apple-system, system-ui, Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">This is a follow up to <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/new-testament-manuscripts-form-mount-athos-repository" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">my pervious post</a> on parchment manuscripts from the Holy Community of <a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/browse-content?location=20.500.11957/2&view=matrix" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">Mount Athos online repository</a>. The following is a list of Greek New Testament manuscripts on paper that have a Gregory-Aland number (clicking on them will redirect you to the Mount Athos website):</span></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/166683" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">979</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/165334" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">988</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/96913" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">1041</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/166677" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">1104</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/166680" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">1105</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/166688" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">1106</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/124233" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">1112</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/131846" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">1116</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/113421" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">1591 </a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/166682" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 626</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/166678" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 661</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/166687" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 738</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/150400" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 741</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/148667" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 747</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/149347" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 872</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/153845" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 873</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/129890" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 1054</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/72128" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 1203</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/113438" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 1689</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/153336" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">l 2357</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><span style="color: rgb(32, 31, 30);">Links to the Athos repository are already being added in the <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/home" style="color: rgb(166, 105, 26);">NT.VMR</a> for these manuscripts as well.</span></span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(32, 31, 30); font-size: 14.6667px;" /> <br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(32, 31, 30); font-size: 14.6667px;" /> <span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><span style="color: rgb(32, 31, 30);">Here I also add to the previous list of “new” Greek New Testament manuscripts from the repository that are to be assigned Gregory-Aland numbers:</span></span></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(32, 31, 30); font-size: 14.6667px;" /> <a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/322627">https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/322627</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/103698">https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/103698</a></p> <p style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 21px;"><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/105378">https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/105378</a></p>Theodora Panella2020-03-09T11:56:00ZNew Testament manuscripts from Mount Athos. Part I: Manuscripts on parchmentTheodora Panellahttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13885082020-03-09T12:05:51Z2020-03-03T11:24:00Z<p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/browse-content?location=20.500.11957/2&view=matrix&locale=en"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Athos.jpg/36b85b8f-85bf-4432-adfd-595f39ee7025?t=1583238384422" /></a></p> <p> </p> <p>Mount Athos is digitizing their manuscripts. <a href="https://www.mountathos.org/en-US/Home-en.aspx">Their website</a> reads,</p> <p> </p> <p>“The Holy Community of Mount Athos, with commitment and respect to the millenary spiritual and cultural tradition of the Athonite Fathers, has decided to undertake new forms of action with the view to preserve and disseminate its cultural heritage. The main purpose of this effort is to exploit modern information and communication technologies by digitalizing, documenting and disseminating its cultural heritage.”</p> <p> </p> <p>For the following Greek New Testament manuscripts on parchment, which have already been assigned a GA number, you can see new digital images on the recently published Mount Athos online repository:</p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/96339">923</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/165324">987</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/96639">1033</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/96719">1034</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/97059">1037</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/96922">1038</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/263648">1081</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/93939">1097</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/153295">1110</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/153451">1111</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/153416">1113</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/153434">1390</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/131651">1864</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/137367">2286</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/96418">l 688</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/90458">l 689</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/90388">l 691</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/78914">l 709</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/78954">l 710</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/149367">l 729</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/134476">l 731</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/93965">l 735</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/145797">l 744</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/153419">l 745</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/132474">l 746</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/148430">l 2207</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/150095">l 2462</a></p> <p>Links to the Athos repository are already being added in the <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/">NT.VMR.</a></p> <p> </p> <p>In addition, I've already found four "new" Greek New Testament manuscripts from Athos that will soon be added to the <em>Liste</em>:</p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/149321">https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/149321</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/127497">https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/127497</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/123340">https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/123340</a></p> <p><a href="https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/72332">https://repository.mountathos.org/jspui/handle/20.500.11957/72332</a></p>Theodora Panella2020-03-03T11:24:00Z“Frei” Numbers: 10 Newly Added LectionariesGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13760242020-02-03T14:56:49Z2020-02-03T14:55:00Z<p class="MsoNormal">If you’ve ever looked through the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Liste</i>, you might have noticed that some numbers have the remark that they are “frei”, or free. There are various reasons for this designation depending on the manuscript, but the “frei” indication for lectionaries L1581-L1589 and L1596 was due to a simple oversight in the published installments of the (precursor) to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Kurzgefasste Liste</i>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">After <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/what-is-the-kurzgefass">Gregory inaugurated the modern list of Greek New Testament manuscripts</a>, von Dobschütz took over responsibility and made several publications with updates and additions of new manuscripts. In <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zntw.1924.23.issue-2/zntw.1924.23.2.248/zntw.1924.23.2.248.xml?format=INT">his 1924 publication</a>, von Dobschütz recorded lectionaries up to L1580. In <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zntw.1926.25.issue-2/zntw.1926.25.2.299/zntw.1926.25.2.299.xml?format=INT">his subsequent publication of 1926</a>, von Dobschütz picked up with L1590, accidentally skipping nine numbers (a sort of homoeoteleuton). But this was not the only accidental jump. In his 1926 publication he ended with L1595, and <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zntw.1933.32.issue-2/zntw.1933.32.2.185/zntw.1933.32.2.185.xml?format=INT">in 1933 he began with L1597</a>, skipping one number. Therefore, these numbers, L1581-L1589 and L1596 were never assigned to manuscripts. In the 1963 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Liste</i>,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> </i>Aland says the numbers L1581-L1589 “were (mistakenly?) not used by E. v. Dobschütz,” but nevertheless the numbers remained free in the 1994 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Liste</i>, pictured below.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Frei1.jpg/1a577182-9b07-4e42-89d4-f95c17879108?t=1580284272964" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal">As <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/announcement-a-new-edition-of-the-kurzgefasste-liste-is-in-the-works">we have been preparing the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Liste </i>for publication</a>, we discussed what to do with these numbers. Since we could see no reason not to use them, we have now assigned ten “new” manuscripts to them. They are as follows, with links to the NT.VMR:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=41581">L1581 (XVI, Duke University) (images on the NT.VMR)</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=41582">L1582 (XII, British Library)</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=41583">L1583 (XVI, last known Sothebys)</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=41584">L1584 (XV, University of Kansas) (images on the NT.VMR)</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=41585">L1585 (XIII, Yale University)</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=41586">L1586 (XII, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale) (images on the NT.VMR)</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=41587">L1587 (XII/XIII, New York Public Library)</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=41588">L1588 (XVI, Cyprus, Paphos)</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=41589">L1589 (XI, University of Pennsylvania)</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=41596">L1596 (X-XI, Bucharest National Library) (images on the NT.VMR)</a></p>Greg Paulson2020-02-03T14:55:00ZThe Curious Case L1575: How One Greek-Coptic Lectionary Had Six Entries in the ListeGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13523282019-12-18T08:12:42Z2019-12-18T08:10:00Z<p><span style="font-size:16px;">L1575 is a heavily fragmented 9th century manuscript. It is a Greek-Coptic majuscule lectionary that contains readings from the Apostolos (it can be viewed <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=41575">here on the NT.VMR</a>). The manuscript is distributed among several holding institutions and has a rather long and confusing history of being registered in the <em>Liste</em>. In over a hundred years, five other Gregory-Aland numbers have been associated with L1575: 0129, 0203, 0205, 0310, and L1576.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">The confusion started <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zntw.1924.23.issue-2/zntw.1924.23.2.248/zntw.1924.23.2.248.xml?format=INT">in 1924 when von Dobschütz first added L1575 and L1576 to the <em>Liste</em> </a>as two separate manuscripts. The entries were as follows:</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575A.jpg/47b77683-0a60-4866-95c5-bdd87c9525af?t=1572273331595" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Von Dobschütz based his information on Wessely’s edition, but instead of citing the shelf numbers for the two lectionaries in Vienna, he only listed the publication where he got his information from. However, von Dobschütz made a mistake in referencing Wessely; the references should have been for Studien XI <strong>59</strong> and <strong>60</strong> (not <strong>69</strong> and <strong>70</strong> as pictured above). In Wessely’ <em>editiones principes</em>, we can discover the correct inventory numbers in Austria’s National Library in Vienna are Litt. theol. 16 is L1575 and Litt. theol. 17 is L1576:</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575D.jpg/cdf35e25-32bb-48eb-a782-9959116f01fd?t=1572273489085" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">It’s important to note that both of these lectionaries have Coptic contents. Walter Till examined hundreds of Coptic fragments in the National Library in Vienna trying to find ones from the same manuscript in order to piece them together. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zntw.1940.39.issue-1/zntw.1940.39.1.1/zntw.1940.39.1.1.xml?format=INT">In his 1939 article he published his findings</a>, arguing that L1575 and L1576 were, in fact, part of the same manuscript, no. 180 as he numbered it:</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575B.jpg/27da2964-95b0-4ba1-8808-5cc3eccb99da?t=1572273340241" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">After Till identified L1575 and L1576 as belonging together, other fragments have been identified as belonging to this one Greek-Coptic lectionary. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110819960/9783110819960-012/9783110819960-012.xml">Karlheinz Schüssler discovered that the two manuscripts catalogued as majuscules in the <em>Liste</em>, 0129 and 0203, were also part of L 1575</a>. He also noticed that 0205 also had similar features as well (see p. 234 of his article).</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">In 1900, Gregory entered the manuscript now known as GA 0129 (housed in Paris) into the <em>Liste</em> and registered it as T<sup>b paul</sup>. He later changed it to 0129 in <a href="https://archive.org/details/diegriechischen00greggoog/page/n51"><em>Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament</em> (1908), 41</a>.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">In 1933 von Dobschütz added two more majuscules to the <em>Liste</em>: 0203, located in London at the British Museum and 0205 in London, under the name H. Thompson. By the time the 1963 <em>Liste</em> was printed, the current location of 0205 was unknown. It was subsequently <a href="http://medium-avance.irht.cnrs.fr/Manuscrits/Voir?idFicheManuscrit=4895">acquired by Cambridge in 1980</a>.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">While preparing the 1994 <em>Liste</em>, you can see that Michael Welte (researcher at the INTF) had been penciled in his <em>Liste</em> work-copy that 0205 was in Cambridge:</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575H.jpg/62bc6ab3-68f5-4150-9aa6-e0fb3c99abf1?t=1572273380520" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Also in Welte’s work-copy, you can see in the left margin that 0129 and 0203 were now attributed to L1575.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">0129:</span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575F.jpg/2bf4ab14-9c2c-41a7-a6ce-5c2c72e89ffe?t=1572273363995" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">0203:</span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575G.jpg/231a5b9c-e59c-4f21-8939-06f43b85ec00?t=1572273371807" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">By the time the 1994 <em>Liste </em>was printed, 0129, 0203, 0205, and L1576 were all attributed to L1575:</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575C.jpg/34e5399b-283b-4fca-89fe-b81c70cf9bcf?t=1572273349385" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">In 2001, the INTF received a notification that made matters even more tricky. A “new” Greek-Coptic majuscule manuscript was discovered in Cambridge with the shelf mark “<strong>Ms. Or. 16 1699 Πx</strong>” containing Titus chapters 2 and 3. Unfortunately, it went unnoticed that this was the same manuscript identified in the 1994 <em>Liste</em> as Cambridge Univ. Libr., <strong>Or. 1699</strong> (GA 0205). Thus this “new” manuscript was given a new Gregory-Aland number, 0310, which appeared for the first time in the 2003 INTF publication, <em><a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/stiftung/berichte.shtml">Bericht der Hermann Kunst-Stiftung zur Förderung der Neutestamentlichen Textforschung</a> für die Jahre 1998 bis 2003</em>, page 75:</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575K.jpg/f0c57393-890a-437e-ac07-c12c889c6004?t=1572273407708" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Somehow, after the INTF began transferring data into the NT.VMR, the Cambridge shelf number for 0310 got confused. The Greek pi became a Roman P, and what should have been a Roman X became a Roman C, most likely because the X was entered as a Greek chi and the Unicode character became a Roman C.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Thus, the March 2017 supplement published online read:</span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575M.jpg/03ec8ba3-a65d-4999-8164-ef2481ceed72?t=1572273419827" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">This particular shelf mark in Cambridge (Or. 16 1699) is actually comprised of hundreds of fragments from many different manuscripts. We recently had all of it digitized (amounting to 110 images), which helped us solve the problem of determining exactly which portion was Greek New Testament. This enabled us to eliminate the duplicate 0205/0310 <em>Liste</em> entry. The only portion of Or. 16 1699 that is Greek New Testament is a bio-folium of Titus, page Πx, pictured below:</span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575I.jpg/faacade5-e8c4-4625-81de-36380b36b390?t=1572273390678" /></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">You can <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/156853694X00058">read more about Cambridge Or. 16 1699 Πx in J.K. Elliott’s 1994 publication</a>. Elliott followed up in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/156853610X495755">a 2010 publication saying that “0205 is not part of <em>l</em> 1576,”</a> But more recently <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004289680">in his 2015 Bibliography</a>, his article on 0205 appears under the bibliography for L1575, meaning that he now associates 0205 with L1575. Indeed, not only does the script and ornamentation look identical between the various parts of L1575, but the ostensibly unique feature of supplying a Greek pericope in between Coptic pericopes is found in other folia of L1575 not just in 0205.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Another confusing issue in the 1994 <em>Liste</em> was the placement of L1576 on the printed page. It is unclear which library L1576 actually belonged to:</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/L1575J.jpg/100f3b78-0e4a-4413-ba21-c867e9422ade?t=1572273401422" /></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">It’s clear from looking at the 1994 <em>Liste</em> that two shelf marks in Vienna were conflated as “Pap. K. 16.17”, and resulted in L1576 floating at the bottom of the entry for L1575. This will be remedied <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/announcement-a-new-edition-of-the-kurzgefasste-liste-is-in-the-works">the forthcoming new edition of the <em>Liste</em></a> to show more clearly what former numbers belonged to which shelf marks.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">By illustrating the case of L1575, I hope to offer a glimpse into why maintaining the <em>Liste</em> can sometimes be a messy and perplexing task—and why it will, to some degree, always remain a work in progress as new scholarship and manuscript discoveries become available.</span></p>Greg Paulson2019-12-18T08:10:00ZUpdates to P129 and P131Greg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13503642020-05-05T09:19:11Z2019-10-15T15:45:00Z<p><span style="font-size:18px;">There’s been a lot of discussion and speculation in the past few months about two new 2nd/3rd century papyrus fragments, first <a href="https://brentnongbri.com/2019/07/07/one-of-the-other-oxyrhynchus-gospels-for-sale-and-a-pattern-in-the-green-collection/">mentioned by Brent Nongbri as papyri being displayed by Scott Carroll in 2018</a>. We were contacted earlier this year by Andrew Stimer, a private collector in California, who wanted to obtain G-A numbers for two papyrus fragments that he acquired in 2015. The fragments are of 1 Corinthians and Romans. Stimer provided us with unpublished scholar’s reports, which he received in 2016 and 2017: the report for 1 Corinthians was done by Dirk Obbink (who dates the fragment to mid-2nd cent.) and the report on Romans was done by Jeffery Fish (who dates the fragment to the first half of the 3rd cent.).</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">Through Nongbri’s blog, the INTF was already alerted to the possibility that the papyri in Stimer’s possession were parts of other papyri already registered in the Liste, P129 (1 Cor) and P131 (Romans), which are currently at the Museum of the Bible (MOTB). These numbers, P129 and P131, were assigned to the papyri at MOTB in 2015 so they could include this information in a planned publication with Brill, although this has not been published.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">Over the past few months, we’ve been working to (a) verify the authenticity of Stimer's fragments and (b) decide whether they belong to P129 and P131. The MOTB kindly provided us with images of P129 and P131 so we could make comparisons. We shared images of Stimer's two fragments with Michael Holmes, and scholars at the Museum of the Bible Scholar’s Initiative were of the opinion that the fragments did indeed belong together. The pieces were analyzed by a number of INTF staff but we still had some lingering questions. We requested expert advice from papyrologist Panagiota Sarischouli at the University of Thessaloniki so we could get an external opinion.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">A few weeks ago, Sarischouli graciously provided us with an extensive report confirming the authenticity of the fragments. She noted, “I can say that I have no reason to believe that Stimer’s fragments are fakes; if they are forgeries, they are masterly done!!!” Sarischouli stated, "There can be little doubt that the two fragments (Stimer’s 1 Cor. + P129) belong to the same codex page. Although there are some slight differences between the two handwritings, the hand is identical." She also agreed with the dates proposed by Obbink and Fish. We are very grateful to her for providing such extensive information about these fragments.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">We have now assigned Stimer’s 1 Corinthians fragment to the already registered P129, and have assigned his Romans fragment to the already registered P131 fragment. We can now update the contents of these papyri:</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">Stimer's portion of P129 is: 1 Cor 7:32-37; 9:10-16</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">MOTB's portion of P129 is: 1 Cor 8:10-9:3, 27-10:6</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">Stimer's portion of P131 is: Rom 9:21-23; 10:3-4</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">MOTB's portion of P131 is: Rom 9:18-21, 33-10:2</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">With regard to provenance, Stimer provided us with the following report for his pieces:</span></p> <p style="margin-left:30.0pt"><span style="font-size:20px;"><em><span style="font-family: Times;">I acquired both of the manuscripts in the summer of 2015 from Mr. M. Elder of Dearborn, Michigan. He bought them the previous year, in April 2014, via a private treaty sale executed by Christie’s London. The fragments were part of a collection of texts that had been in the Pruitt family since the 1950s. Dr. Rodman Pruitt was an industrialist and inventor in southern Indiana who was known as a collector of manuscripts, books and artifacts of various kinds. He acquired his papyri from Harold Maker, a well-known dealer in manuscripts who was based in Irvington, New Jersey. I am told that the Trismegistos database lists numerous published papyri originally sold by Harold Maker. [Coincidentally, I have another manuscript in my collection that also came through Harold Maker, and with it are copies of sales materials he issued in the early 1950s.] I contacted Christie’s London to confirm that they had indeed conducted the private treaty sale of manuscripts that had passed by descent through the Pruitt family. I communicated with Dr. Eugenio Donadoni, Director of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts. He confirmed that the consignor of the collection that was sold in April 2014 was a relative of Dr. Rodman Pruitt, though he was of course restricted in the amount of information he was at liberty to provide to me. The sale included various papyri, in Coptic, Greek and Syriac. I was satisfied that the information I had been given at the time of the acquisition was correct</span></em>.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">We recently learned, however, that the two fragments belonging to the MOTB previously belonged to the Egypt Exploration Society (EES), <a href="https://www.ees.ac.uk/news/professor-obbink-and-missing-ees-papyri">see here</a> and were sold without their permission. While many questions still remain regarding Stimer’s papyri, it seems highly probable that his pieces were also once part of the EES collection and were sold without their permission (see <a href="https://brentnongbri.com/2019/10/14/how-many-oxyrhynchus-papyri-have-been-sold/">here</a>). We have notified Stimer of this and updated the <em><span style="font-family: Times">Liste</span></em> entries in the NT.VMR (<a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=10129">P129</a> and <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste?docID=10131">P131</a>) to reflect this. We hope to upload images of Stimer’s papyri and the MOTB papyri on the NT.VMR for public viewing after the issue of provenance has been resolved.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">In light of this problematic provenance and so many open questions, we have debated whether to register these two papyri. We are aware that the designation of a G-A number may have the unfortunate side effect of inflating the value of a manuscript on the antiquities market. However, our primary focus when deciding whether to include a new manuscript in the <em><span style="font-family:Times">Kurzgefasste Liste</span></em> has been verifying its authenticity and collecting key data so these manuscripts can be made known to the wider scholarly community. Our hope is that registering these manuscripts in the <em><span style="font-family:Times">Liste</span></em>, where all information is made publically available on the NT.VMR, will enable any unprovenanced manuscripts to be located (or re-located) as effectively as possible.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">Update: 21 Oct. 2019 from EES, Stimer to return 5 missing manuscripts: <a href="https://www.ees.ac.uk/news/missing-papyri-two-updates">https://www.ees.ac.uk/news/missing-papyri-two-updates</a></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;">Update: 5 May 2020: The portions of these manuscripts held by MOTB and Stimer have now been returned and are located in Sackler Library.</span></p> <p> <style type="text/css"><!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-font-charset:78; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; color:purple; mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} p {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:DE;} @page WordSection1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 2.0cm 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} --> </style> </p>Greg Paulson2019-10-15T15:45:00ZJob Vacancy for Syriac SpecialistGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13479202019-10-04T14:05:16Z2019-10-04T14:01:00Z<p><em>(English summary: see below or <a href="https://www.uni-muenster.de/Rektorat/Stellen/ausschreibungen/st_20192709_sk3.html">here</a> for original post in German)</em></p> <p> </p> <p>Beginning January 1st, 2020, a position is available as a researcher (salary class 13 TV-L) at the Institute for New Testament Textual Research (INTF) at the WWU Münster.</p> <p> </p> <p>The position is full-time and for a period of 6 years with the possibility of permanency. Regular work hours are 39 hours and 50 minutes per week. It would also be possible to fill the post with two part-time positions.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Areas of Responsibility</strong></p> <p>Coordination and research work on the Syriac tradition of the New Testament, both for the INTF's projects and for the institute's international collaborations.</p> <p><br /> Collaboration on the project <em>Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior</em> (ECM) with a focus on the processing of the Syriac and Palestinian-Aramaic traditions and their citation in the critical apparatus.</p> <p><br /> Preparation of critical editions of the Syriac tradition.<br /> </p> <p>Collaboration on the revision of hand editions (Nestle-Aland, Greek New Testament) for the Syriac and Palestinian-Aramaic traditions.</p> <p><br /> Presentation of research results at meetings and conferences in Germany and abroad.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Requirements</strong></p> <p>Doctorate in Eastern Christianity or Oriental/Near Eastern Studies (Dr. phil. or Dr. theol.).</p> <p><br /> Good command of Syriac, good knowledge of Greek, and familiarity with at least one other language of Eastern Christianity.</p> <p><br /> Knowledge of the philology of editions and experience with digital editing.<br /> </p> <p>Experience working with databases.<br /> </p> <p>Ability to work in a team.<br /> </p> <p>Willingness to travel (in Germany and abroad).</p> <p> </p> <p>The University of Münster is an equal opportunity employer and is committed to increasing the proportion of women academics. Female applicants are encouraged to apply and those with equivalent qualifications and academic achievements will be preferentially considered within the framework of the legal possibilities. Applications from candidates with severe disabilities are also welcome. Disabled candidates with equivalent qualifications will be preferentially considered.</p> <p>Please send applications via email including relevant documents (curriculum vitae, certificates etc.) no later than <strong>October 11, 2019</strong> to Prof. Dr. Holger Strutwolf (email:<a href="mailto:strutw@uni-muenster.de"><span style="color:blue;"> strutw@uni-muenster.de</span></a>)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:24.0pt;">Stellenausschreibung</span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Im Fachbereich 01, Evangelische Fakultät, Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster ist ab dem 01.01.2020 eine Stelle der regelmäßigen Arbeitszeit</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><br /> <strong>einer wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiterin/<br /> eines wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiters<br /> Entgeltgruppe 13 TV-L</strong></p> <p>für die Dauer von sechs Jahren mit der Möglichkeit der Entfristung zu besetzen.</p> <p>Die regelmäßige Arbeitszeit beträgt bei Vollbeschäftigung zurzeit 39 Stunden 50 Minuten wöchentlich.</p> <p>Stellenbesetzungen werden grundsätzlich auch in Teilzeit vorgenommen, sofern nicht im Einzelfall zwingende dienstliche Gründe entgegenstehen.</p> <p><strong>Aufgaben: </strong></p> <ul> <li>Koordinierungs- und Forschungsarbeit im Bereich der syrischen Überlieferung des Neuen Testaments sowohl für die Projekte des INTF als auch für die internationalen Forschungskooperationen des Instituts.</li> <li>Mitarbeit im Projekt Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior (ECM) mit dem Schwerpunkt der Bearbeitung der syrischen und der palästinisch-aramäischen Überlieferung und der Verzeichnung relevanter Lesarten im kritischen Apparat.</li> <li>Vorbereitung von Spezialeditionen zur syrischen Überlieferung.</li> <li>Mitarbeit bei der Revision der Handausgaben (Nestle-Aland, Greek New Testament) für die syrische und die palästinisch-aramäische Überlieferung.</li> <li>Präsentation von Forschungsergebnissen auf Kongressen und Tagungen im In- und Ausland.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Voraussetzungen: </strong></p> <ul> <li>Promotion in den Gebieten christlicher Orient oder Orientalistik (Dr. phil. oder Dr. theol.).</li> <li>Sichere Beherrschung des Syrischen und gute Griechischkenntnisse sowie die Vertrautheit mit mindestens einer anderen Sprache des christlichen Orients.</li> <li>Kenntnis der Editionsphilologie und Erfahrung mit digitaler Editionstechnik.</li> <li>Erfahrung in der Arbeit mit Datenbanken.</li> <li>Fähigkeit zu teamorientiertem Arbeiten.</li> <li>Reisebereitschaft (In- und Ausland).</li> </ul> <p><br /> Die WWU tritt für die Geschlechtergerechtigkeit ein und strebt eine Erhöhung des Anteils von Frauen in Forschung und Lehre an. Bewerbungen von Frauen sind daher ausdrücklich erwünscht; Frauen werden bei gleicher Eignung, Befähigung und fachlicher Leistung bevorzugt berücksichtigt, sofern nicht in der Person eines Mitbewerbers liegende Gründe überwiegen.</p> <p>Schwerbehinderte werden bei gleicher Qualifikation bevorzugt eingestellt.</p> <p>Ihre Bewerbung mit den üblichen Unterlagen richten Sie bitte bis zum <strong>11.10.2019</strong> an:</p> <p>Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung<br /> zu Hd. Prof. Dr. Holger Strutwolf<br /> Pferdegasse 1<br /> 48143 Münster<br /> E-mail: <a href="mailto:strutw@uni-muenster.de">strutw@uni-muenster.de</a></p> <p> </p>Greg Paulson2019-10-04T14:01:00ZFellowship for a Research AssistantJan Graefehttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13419402019-09-18T07:33:31Z2019-09-18T06:49:00Z<p>The German Bible Society (GBS) is seeking candidates for a post-doc research assistant at the Institute for New Testament Textual Research in Münster, Germany. The fellowship covers a period of 36 months, a fixed three-year appointment, beginning 1 April 2020.</p> <p><strong>About the INTF</strong></p> <p>The central task of the Institute for New Testament Textual Research (Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, INTF) is to research the textual history of the New Testament and to edit its text on the basis of the manuscript tradition, the early translations, and patristic citations. Foremost among our editions is the Editio Critica Maior – Novum Testamentum Graecum (ECM). The scholarly outcome of INTF’s work is also made available to the broad community of commentators, philologists, translators and students in two printed concise editions: the Nestle-Aland (NA) and the UBS Greek New Testament (UBSGNT). Moreover, digital editing is gaining more importance for our work.</p> <p><strong>Job Description</strong></p> <p>The INTF Research Assistant will prepare NA29 and UBSGNT6 at INTF supervised by the director, Holger Strutwolf. This will be a continuation of the work of two previous fellows Greg Paulson (2014-2017) and Dora Panella (2017-2020).</p> <p>The research assistant will take part in the meetings of the editorial committee for NA and UBSGNT which has been appointed by the UBS Global Board in 2011. The assistant will re-design the apparatuses according to the decisions of the committee.</p> <p>For both concise editions, the task consists in implementing the findings of the ECM relating to the reconstruction of the initial text and the choice of textual witnesses, and making them available beyond the relatively limited circle of the ECM’s recipients. Furthermore, the advantageous features of the two concise editions are to be further developed. For UBSGNT6 a completely new design is currently being developed in close collaboration with Florian Voss of the German Bible Society and a consortium of Global Translation Advisors of UBS. The goal is to streamline the edition more forcefully for the use of translators, academic teachers and students. The main task of the research assistant will be to execute this major revision.</p> <p><strong>Requirements</strong></p> <ul> <li>Advanced knowledge of Greek and Latin, basic knowledge of Greek palaeography, ability to comprehend a complex critical apparatus, and knowledge of the principles of New Testament textual criticism.</li> <li>Ph.D. in New Testament studies, focusing on or including text-criticism.</li> <li>Reading knowledge of German is required, with an aptitude to acquire conversational usage. INTF staff speaks English, but internal discussion is often conducted in German.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Application</strong></p> <p>Applicants should submit a cover letter, CV, and transcripts (official or unofficial), via email to <a href="mailto:INTFsearch@sbl-site.org">INTFsearch@sbl-site.org</a>, with the subject line INTF Fellowship Search. Three current letters of recommendation should be sent to the same email address, directly from those serving as references. Completed applications must be received by 15 November 2019. Applicants invited to interview will be contacted mid-December. Interviews will begin in January via teleconference. Review of applications will continue until the position is filled.</p> <p><strong>Employment Details</strong></p> <p>The research assistant will be employed by the Hermann-Kunst-Stiftung in Münster (HKS), which has close connections to the INTF and the German Bible Society, which is the publisher of the text editions of the INTF. The research assistant will work under the supervision of the INTF’s director, Holger Strutwolf. The salary will be commensurate with experience and will be suitable for relocation to Germany.</p> <p>All inquiries and applications should be directed to: <a href="mailto:INTFsearch@sbl-site.org">INTFsearch@sbl-site.org</a>.</p> <p>See the original post <a href="https://www.aarsbl.org/listing/fellowship-research-assistant">here</a> under <a href="https://www.aarsbl.org/content/employment-listings">AAR and SBL Employment Listings</a>.</p> <p> </p>Jan Graefe2019-09-18T06:49:00ZNew Digital Humanities Position at INTFJan Graefehttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13281792019-07-31T12:48:17Z2019-07-31T12:32:00Z<p>(<em>English summary—see below for the original post in German</em>):</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Job Vacancy</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Beginning November 1st, 2019, a position is available as a researcher (salary class 13 TV-L) at the Institute for New Testament Textual Criticism (INTF). The post is part of the Excellence Cluster “Religion and Politics: Dynamics of Tradition and Innovation” at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster.</p> <p> </p> <p>The position is full-time and for a period of 6 years and 3 months. Regular work hours are 39 hours and 50 minutes per week. It would also be possible to fill the post with two people at 50% of the work hours.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Areas of Responsibility</strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Participation in the project "Theory of Variant Development" (under project leader Prof. Dr. Holger Strutwolf)</li> <li>Further development of the open digital edition platform, the NT.VMR</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Requirements</strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Doctoral degree (Dr. phil. or Dr. theol.)</li> <li>Extensive experience in New Testament textual criticism</li> <li>Experience with Digital Humanities, including digital philology and philological study of editions</li> <li>Experience in the development and administration of portal platforms with content management systems, preferably Liferay</li> <li>Good knowledge of biblical Greek</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>The University of Münster is an equal opportunity employer and is committed to increasing the proportion of women academics. Female applicants are encouraged to apply and those with equivalent qualifications and academic achievements will be preferentially considered within the framework of the legal possibilities. Applications from candidates with severe disabilities are also welcome. Disabled candidates with equivalent qualifications will be preferentially considered.</p> <p> </p> <p>Please send applications via email including relevant documents (curriculum vitae, certificates etc.) no later than <strong>12 August 2019</strong> to Prof. Dr. Holger Strutwolf (email:<a href="mailto:strutw@uni-muenster.de"> strutw@uni-muenster.de</a>)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>STELLENAUSSCHREIBUNG</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Im Exzellenzcluster „Religion und Politik. Dynamiken von Tradition und Innovation“ an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster ist im Teilprojekt C3-21 unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Holger Strutwolf ab dem 01.11.2019 eine Stelle als</p> <p> </p> <p>wissenschaftliche*r Mitarbeiter*in</p> <p>Entgeltgruppe 13 TV-L</p> <p> </p> <p>mit 100% der regelmäßigen Arbeitszeit zu besetzen. Die Stelle ist für die Dauer von sechs Jahren und drei Monaten befristet. Die regelmäßige Arbeitszeit beträgt zurzeit 39 Stunden und 50 Minuten wöchentlich. Es ist grundsätzlich möglich, die Stelle mit zwei Personen mit je 50% der regelmäßigen Arbeitszeit zu besetzen.</p> <p> </p> <p>Am Exzellenzcluster „Religion und Politik“ sind die Fächer Geschichte, Politikwissenschaft, Soziologie, Katholische und Evangelische Theologie und die Rechtswissenschaften beteiligt; Vertreter der Islamwissenschaft, der Islamischen Theologie, der Judaistik, der Ägyptologie, der Archäologie, der Philosophie, der Philologien, der Kunstgeschichte sowie der Ethnologie ergänzen das interdisziplinäre Spektrum. Nähere Informationen zu den beteiligten Fachbereichen und allgemein zum Forschungsprofil des Exzellenzclusters finden Sie unter www.uni-muenster.de/Religion-und-Politik/.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Der Aufgabenbereich umfasst</strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Mitarbeit im Teilprojekt "Theorie der Variantenentstehung" (Projektleitung Prof. Dr. Holger Strutwolf)</li> <li>Weiterentwicklung des NTVMR zu einer offenen, digitalen Editionsplattform</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Voraussetzungen</strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Promotion (Dr. phil. oder Dr. theol.)</li> <li>weitreichende Erfahrungen in der Textkritik des Neuen Testaments</li> <li>Erfahrungen mit virtuellen Forschungsumgebungen (Digital Humanities)</li> <li>Sicherer Umgang in digitaler Philologie und Editionsphilologie</li> <li>Erfahrung in der Entwicklung und Administration einer Portal-Plattform mit Content Management System, vorzugsweise Liferay</li> <li>Gute Griechischkenntnisse</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>Die WWU Münster tritt für die Geschlechtergerechtigkeit ein und strebt eine Erhöhung des Anteils von Frauen in Forschung und Lehre an. Bewerbungen von Frauen sind daher ausdrücklich erwünscht; Frauen werden bei gleicher Eignung, Befähigung und fachlicher Leistung bevorzugt berücksichtigt, sofern nicht in der Person eines Mitbewerbers liegende Gründe überwiegen. Schwerbehinderte werden bei gleicher Qualifikation bevorzugt eingestellt.</p> <p> </p> <p>Bewerbungen richten Sie bitte möglichst per E-Mail mit den üblichen Unterlagen (Lebenslauf, Zeugnisse) bis zum <strong>12. August 2019</strong> an die Projektleitung:</p> <p> </p> <p>Prof. Dr. Holger Strutwolf</p> <p>Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung</p> <p>Pferdegasse 1</p> <p>48143 Münster</p> <p>strutw@uni-muenster.de</p> <p> </p>Jan Graefe2019-07-31T12:32:00ZVersio Coptica onlineSiegfried G. Richterhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13195932019-07-01T13:40:22Z2019-07-01T06:46:00Z<p>As is well-known, <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/ecm">the ECM of the Acts of the Apostles is available online in the New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room of the INTF</a> since 2017. (<a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/an-interactive-textual-commentary-on-acts">The text-critical commentary is also online</a>.)</p> <p> </p> <p>Alongside the main text of the edition, all Greek variants are presented. After entering a verse in the “Quick Lookup”, the ECM apparatus appears in a window below the main text. See for example <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/ecm?verse=Acts.1.8">Acts 1:8</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p>In the apparatus there is now a link to “VC” – meaning Versio Coptica.</p> <p><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/ecm?verse=Acts.1.8"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/VC1.jpg/e2da5bc3-5c51-4088-9072-cd5e5779aafa?t=1561386882976" /></a></p> <p> </p> <p>Clicking on VC will open a new window, which <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/smr/ecm/index.php?target=AK0108.pdf">presents the full Coptic transcriptions that were used for the citations in the Greek apparatus</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p>The top of this window includes a link to the “Introduction” which leads to primary information about the edition created by S.G. Richter, K.D. Schröder and M.H.O. Schulz. Furthermore, a list of all cited witnesses as well as an apparatus with notes on the manuscripts is provided. Next to the link to the introduction, the button “SMR online” will take you to <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/smr/index.php">the SMR Database of Coptic New Testament Manuscripts</a> with plenty information on all manuscripts.</p> <p> </p> <p>The line-by-line layout of VC shows all Sahidic and Fayyumic pieces used in the edition, as well as the manuscript mae 3 which is the famous Codex Glazier, the only Middle Egyptian witness of Acts. The Bohairic siglum “bo 00” is the main text of G. Horner’s edition of Acts. A printed version of this edition of “Versio Coptica: Die Apostelgeschichte in koptischer Überlieferung” is in preparation.</p> <p> </p> <p>Keep in mind that versional evidence is not used as a consistent witness in the apparatus of Acts, but only cited at selected passages which are of special importance to the Greek text or its history (cf. <em>Novum Testamentum Graecum. Editio Critica Maior III. The Acts of the Apostles</em>, ed. by H. Strutwolf et al. Part 1.1, Stuttgart 2017, p. 20*).</p> <p> </p> <p>This new “VC” feature online enables all interested users not only to test the citations of Coptic witnesses in the Greek apparatus, but allows them to form their own opinions about citations at passages where the Coptic version had not been recorded in the apparatus of the ECM.</p> <p> </p> <p>Any corrections can be sent to me here, s.g.richter at uni-muenster.de, and would be much appreciated!</p>Siegfried G. Richter2019-07-01T06:46:00ZHow Patristic Citations are Treated in the ECMNikolai Kielhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=13123222019-06-07T07:34:06Z2019-06-06T13:30:00Z<p align="center" style="text-align:center;"><em>From the beginning of critical work on the text of the Greek New Testament citations by early Christian writers have played a prominent role in research on textual history.</em></p> <p align="right" style="text-align:right;">Nestle/Aland, <em>Novum Testamentum Graece28</em>, 78*.</p> <p> </p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center;"><em>Establishing the New Testament text of the Church Fathers has a strategic importance for textual history and criticism. It shows us how the text appeared at particular times and in particular places: this is information we can find nowhere else</em>.</p> <p align="right" style="text-align:right;">K. Aland/B. Aland, <em>The Text of the New Testament</em>, 168.</p> <p> </p> <p>Patristic citations are witnesses to the text of the manuscripts that the Church Fathers used. Their witness is highly significant for textual criticism and for the reconstruction of the initial form of the New Testament text. An advantage of citations for textual criticism is that we can more or less ascertain the date and location of Church Fathers. If the text of a certain author is recoverable, conclusions can be drawn regarding the biblical text circulating in his day.</p> <p> </p> <p>When examining citations of a Church Father, it is important to observe his specific approach to citation because some of the variants found in patristic literature trace back to the way the author treated his source text. Therefore, it is crucial to determine whether the Father has quoted the biblical text literally or imprecisely, if he just alludes to it or only paraphrases it.</p> <p> </p> <p>Contrary to an exegete, not every patristic reference is reliable or usable for a textual critic. Most of the “citations” listed in the <em>Biblia Patristica,</em> for example, do not conform to the actual wording of the biblical text and thus have no text-critical value at all.</p> <p> </p> <p>In <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/patristik/">our database of citations of Acts</a> there are three main categories under “citations”:</p> <p>• Citation</p> <p>• Varying Citation/Adaptation</p> <p>• Allusions (paraphrases are to be treated like allusions)</p> <p> </p> <p><u>Citation</u></p> <p>According to D.A. Koch, a citation is a “the conscious adoption of external written (or rarely oral) wording, which is reproduced by an author in his own writing and is recognizable as such.”<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[1]</span></span></a></p> <p> </p> <p><u>Varying Citations</u></p> <p>For our purposes in the ECM, varying citations are generally treated like citations wherever their wording is adjusted to the context of the Church Father's text. Particularly small changes regarding the original biblical text can be identified. The following definition of an adaptation by Carroll D. Osburn fits our definition of a varying citation: “A quotation from a recognizable text, often without an introductory formula, in which much of the lexical and syntactical structure of the text is preserved and woven unobtrusively into the patristic context and/or syntax in less important portions of the text.”<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[2]</span></span></a></p> <p> </p> <p><u>Allusion</u></p> <p>According to Osburn, allusions are defined as “A reference to the content of a certain biblical passage in which some verbal or motif correspondence is present, but reflecting intent to give only the gist of the text rather than to cite.”<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[3]</span></span></a></p> <p> </p> <p>A citation fulfills its function when the reader can identify it as a citation. In order to ensure that the citation is obvious, the author can use a citation marker. That way he shows his intent to actually cite a text, for example, ὡς ἐν ταῖς Πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων γέγραπται and ἐν δὲ ταῖς Πράξεσιν ὁ Λουκᾶς γράφει.</p> <p> </p> <p>When a longer passage is being cited in accordance with the manuscript tradition, it is very likely a citation. On the contrary, a paraphrase consists of a free or loose reproduction of a foreign text.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[4]</span></span></a> A vague allusion can be seen where the author uses “a single traditional formulation, which, however, is fully integrated into its own presentation”.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[5]</span></span></a></p> <p> </p> <p>Generally, a citation can be distinguished from an allusion by its more precise reproduction of the original wording, which matches the wording of one or more Greek manuscripts.</p> <p> </p> <p>Often, the Church Fathers use a citation to support a certain interpretive approach, showing they are not afraid to adjust a passage for their own grammatical or textual context. As opposed to a copyist, whose only goal is (or should be) the exact reproduction of a manuscript, patristic authors might have a certain theological agenda in mind and try to match a citation to their purposes. In order to achieve this, citations and connectives like δέ, γάρ, καί, etc. are often substituted, omitted or changed, especially at the beginning. Also relevant to the accuracy of the citations is the way a Father handles his source material: Does he cite carefully or rather freely from memory? We also find citations being loosely cited in the beginning and cited precisely soon afterwards or vice versa.</p> <p> </p> <p>The transition between a varying citation and an allusion is often fluid. This means that one part of a patristic reference can be an allusion while the other one can be treated as a direct citation.</p> <p> </p> <p>Has the author altered the New Testament passage for the sake of style or to fit his theological position? Some important factors are necessary to assess the text-critical relevance of the citation:</p> <p> </p> <p><em>The length of the cited passage</em>: The most simple rule for distinguishing between genuine citations and allusive references or from memory (<em>memoriter</em>) citations is the length of the passage in question.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[6]</span></span></a></p> <p> </p> <p><em>Introductory formulas or citation markers</em>: The general context is very important to assess the accuracy of the citation.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Stylistic Tendencies</em>: All adaptations, alterations, additions, omissions and transpositions of the text, which go back to a Father’s stylistic tendencies, are excluded from the attestation of the textual tradition. Only a patristic citation with a high probability of being derived from a manuscript can be considered for our purposes. Allusions or reminiscences can also be recorded so long as they can be traced back to a certain manuscript text. Sometimes, a Church Father can witness to different forms of text, noted in the Nestle-Aland as “<em>partim</em>” (e.g. Or<sup>pt</sup>). This can mean that the Father knew both texts from different manuscripts, as is often observed in Origen's works. This should not be seen as a flaw in the reliability of the patristic author. Rather, from the early testimony of a single Church Father to more than one text form, you can see that “important” variants emerged and circulated at the very beginning of the textual tradition.</p> <p> </p> <p>Regarding Origen, it is also remarkable that he employed scribes, often dictating his thoughts to them and instructing them to add biblical references later on. His scribes then drew their biblical citation out of a manuscript that was not necessarily the same as the one Origen used. This can often be seen in Origen’s Commentary on John.</p> <p> </p> <p>All in all, each Church Father has to be observed individually in order to evaluate his habits of citation; this also involves considering the respective genre of his work.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[7]</span></span></a> Evaluating citations from different kinds of works like commentaries, polemical treatises, homilies, letters, or theological tractates can lead to different results. In a commentary, for instance, you might expect the author to have used a manuscript and commented on it continuously. In a homily, though, we have to consider the homiletic implications that could have affected the use of biblical texts.</p> <p> </p> <p>It is possible that not all variants of the Greek transmission that we have in known manuscripts are attested. Therefore, patristic citations may include some new variants.<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[8]</span></span></a></p> <p> </p> <p>It is also possible that a Church Father may have randomly changed his text and thus created a new variant, which is also attested to in other manuscripts. In order to recognize such intentional changes to the text, it is important to observe the context of the citation, whether the author prefers certain terms or expressions and thus enters these in his own biblical text.</p> <p> </p> <p>In essence, the criteria for patristic citation must be strictly employed. For New Testament textual criticism, the definition of a citation and of an allusion in the ECM is essential. In the ECM of the Catholic Letters, we have included citations based on the following principles:</p> <p> </p> <p>“Variants are excluded from the apparatus if they may be ascribed to a Father’s stylistic tendencies and are unlikely to have been in his manuscript source.”<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[9]</span></span></a></p> <p> </p> <p> “A true quotation is one where the wording of the Father’s text is identical with a reading found in the manuscript tradition.”<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[10]</span></span></a></p> <p> </p> <p>“Allusions are considered only if they clearly reflect a known reading.”<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[11]</span></span></a></p> <p> </p> <p>I hope this short foray into how the ECM uses Patristic sources has helped to guide some readers who are new to this area in textual criticism.</p> <div> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[1]</span></span></a> D.-A. Koch, <em>Die Schrift als Zeuge des Evangeliums</em>, 11 (English translation mine).</p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[2]</span></span></a> C. D. Osburn, Methodology in Identifying Patristic Citations in NT Textual Criticism, In: <em>Novum Testamentum</em> XLVII,4 (2005), 318.</p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[3]</span></span></a> C. D. Osburn, Methodology in Identifying Patristic Citations in NT Textual Criticism, In: <em>Novum Testamentum</em> XLVII,4 (2005), 318.</p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[4]</span></span></a> Cf. D.-A. Koch, <em>Die Schrift als Zeuge des Evangeliums</em>, 15: A paraphrase is a “freie Wiedergabe eines fremden Textes”.</p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[5]</span></span></a> D.-A. Koch, <em>Die Schrift als Zeuge des Evangeliums</em>, 17 (English translation mine).</p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[6]</span></span></a> M. J. Suggs, The Use of Patristic Evidence in the Search for a Primitive New Testament Text, In: <em>New Testament Studies</em> 4 (1957/1958), 142.</p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[7]</span></span></a> See M. J. Suggs, The Use of Patristic Evidence in the Search for a Primitive New Testament Text, In: <em>New Testament Studies</em> 4 (1957/1958), 143: “If the ancient writer’s habits were good, then it becomes important to record and evaluate all his testimony – including his unique readings.”</p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[8]</span></span></a> See further N. Kiel, “Neue” Varianten in den Kirchenväterzitaten, In: <em>Novum Testamentum Graecum – Editio Critica Maior. Die Apostelgeschichte/The Acts of the Apostles</em>. 3 Teilbde. Hrsg. v. H. Strutwolf, G. Gäbel, A. Hüffmeier, G. Mink u. K. Wachtel. Teilbd. 3: Studien/Studies. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft 2017, 39-67.</p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[9]</span></span></a> <em>Novum Testamentum Graecum. Editio Critica Maior</em> Bd. IV. Die Katholischen Briefe. Teil 1, 2. revidierte Auflage, 23*.</p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[10]</span></span></a> <em>Novum Testamentum Graecum. Editio Critica Maior</em> Bd. IV. Die Katholischen Briefe. Teil 1, 2. revidierte Auflage, 23*.</p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">[11]</span></span></a> <em>Novum Testamentum Graecum. Editio Critica Maior</em> Bd. IV. Die Katholischen Briefe. Teil 1, 2. revidierte Auflage, 23*.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div>Nikolai Kiel2019-06-06T13:30:00ZA New Printing of the Kurzgefasste Liste is in the WorksGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=12992252019-04-10T18:09:06Z2019-04-03T12:06:00Z<p><em>Update April 10, 2019: We've been notified that 0313 and 2813 are part of the Museum of the Bible collection in Washington, D.C.</em></p> <p><cite>The INTF is in the process of thoroughly updating <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/what-is-the-kurzgefass">the <em>Kurzgefasste Liste</em></a> in preparation for publication. We hope to have a new edition ready next year.</cite></p> <p><cite>For nearly a decade, we have had a digital version of the <em>Liste</em> available on <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste">the Virtual Manuscript Room</a>, which has been continually updated based on new information and manuscript discoveries. However, the last printed edition of the Liste was in 1994. Since then, the <em>Liste</em> has undergone extensive changes including the addition of a number of new manuscripts.</cite></p> <p><cite>There have been 207 new numbers assigned to manuscripts since 1994:</cite></p> <p><cite>Papyri: 40</cite></p> <p><cite>Majuscules: 15</cite></p> <p><cite>Minuscules: 72</cite></p> <p><cite>Lectionaries: 80</cite></p> <p> </p> <p>Many of these have been highlighted throughout the years in our online supplements (e.g <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/kurzgefasste_Liste_Juni_2018.pdf">here</a>) and blog posts (e.g. <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/web/lakmann/home/-/blogs/new-entries-to-the-list-2">here</a> and <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/new-entries-to-the-liste-">here</a>).</p> <p><cite>We will also be adding some categories of manuscripts as new appendices in the printed edition and modifying some existing categories. We’ll share more about these exciting developments in the coming weeks and months.</cite></p> <p><cite>The Hermann Kunst-Stiftung has generously funded a short-term position at the INTF solely focused on preparing the <em>Liste</em> for publication. This has enabled a new concerted effort to verify the data in the VMR and update incorrect or outdated information in preparation for publication. The <em>Liste</em> will always be a work in progress. While it may not be possible to double-check every detail about every manuscript that is already in the <em>Liste</em>, our goal is to carefully and thoroughly verify as much information as possible based on the resources available to us.</cite></p> <p><cite>These resources include printed catalogues, recent scholarship, and notifications from individuals. Through the VMR Forum we have been alerted to a number of location changes and new digital images available. We’ve also been making many direct inquiries to holding institutions to stay up to date with manuscript location changes, inquire about manuscript details, and request images to help us check our information in the VMR.</cite></p> <p><cite>While the INTF has been the so-called keeper of the <em>Liste</em> since it was founded in 1959, the <em>Liste</em> has always been the product of a communal endeavour; it is the result of hundreds of valuable contributions from scholars, researchers, and enthusiasts of Greek New Testament manuscripts around the world.</cite></p> <p><cite>With that said, we would like to publically appeal for your help in putting together the most accurate draft possible of the next printed edtion. Many individuals have already been offering their help, and for this we are very grateful. If you come across any information in the VMR about a manuscript that you believe is incorrect or outdated, please let us know so we can look into it. It is often the case that manuscripts change locations or are given a new shelf number as institutions merge or are reorganized. If anyone has any first-hand knowledge of new manuscript locations/shelf numbers, this information would also be much appreciated. If you are aware of any new manuscripts that should be under consideration for inclusion in the <em>Liste</em>, we would be very grateful for a notification. Information can be shared through the VMR Forum under a newly created category called “The Liste” (click <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/forum/-/message_boards/category/1300023">here</a>) or if you prefer, email me (Greg Paulson): paulson at uni-muenster.de</cite></p> <p><cite>One particular challenge is keeping up with manuscripts that have changed locations. Currently there are 137 manuscripts in the <em>Liste</em> where the owner/institution is unknown (listed as “besitzer unbekannt”). In addition, a number of manuscripts have been auctioned on Sotheby’s, Christies, Heritage Auctions, etc. While we have been able to ascertain the new locations of many of these auctioned manuscripts, we are asking for your help in tracking down the current location of five manuscripts in particular. Each of the following is hyperlinked to its auction:</cite></p> <p> </p> <p><cite>1. GA 2813 <strong>UPDATE: This is now part of the collection at the Museum of the Bible, Washington, D.C.</strong></cite></p> <p><a href="http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2016/bible-collection-of-charles-caldwell-ryrie-n09539/lot.12.html"><cite>13th Gospel of Luke and John, sold on Sotheby’s in 2016 as part of the Charles Caldwell Ryrie collection, Dallas, TX.</cite></a></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ListeA2813.jpg/6c473032-5f51-4be1-a865-c34ef49347e0?t=1554296250000" /></p> <p> </p> <p><cite>2. GA 2346</cite></p> <p><cite><a href="http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2016/bible-collection-of-charles-caldwell-ryrie-n09539/lot.11.html">Sold on Sotheby’s in 2016, 11th century Gospels with commentary sold as part of the Charles Caldwell Ryrie collection</a>.</cite></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ListeA2346.jpg/7948dc7c-fa0f-4895-94b3-fd9bd62529b9?t=1554296236000" /></p> <p> </p> <p><cite>3. GA 2805</cite></p> <p><cite><a href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/the-acts-and-letters-of-the-apostles-5749305-details.aspx?from=searchresults&intObjectID=5749305&sid=a856c98f-db09-4aef-9419-936e95adbd98">Sold on Christie’s in 2013, 11th century, Acts and Letters of the Apostles, formerly in Athens</a>.</cite></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ListeA2805.jpg/2434f620-0663-4fe9-be71-1eba80abf191?t=1554296241000" /></p> <p> </p> <p><cite>4. GA 851</cite></p> <p><cite><a href="http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2009/western-manuscripts-l09741/lot.39.html">Sold on Sotheby’s in 2009, Gospels, illuminated Gospel manuscript on vellum, owner unknown for many years</a>.</cite></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ListeA851.jpg/9a211928-dc50-4b0c-9554-dd54274c71b7?t=1554296229000" /></p> <p> </p> <p><cite>5. GA 0313 (fragment) <strong>UPDATE: This is now part of the collection at the Museum of the Bible, Washington, D.C.</strong></cite></p> <p><cite><a href="http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2013/western-manuscripts-miniatures-l13241/lot.1.html">Sold on Sotheby’s in 2013, Gospel of Mark fragment, 5th century, previously in the De Hamel Collection</a>. </cite></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/ListeA0313.jpg/4b2e71b7-de45-4d14-aced-187824b63dd9?t=1554296221000" /></p> <p> </p> <p><cite>If anyone has any information about the current whereabouts of these five manuscripts we would be very grateful. For those who can help us pin down the new owners, we can offer you a small surprise, compliments of the INTF! Please let us know in the Forum, by email, or simply leave a comment below. We look forward to hearing from you!</cite></p>Greg Paulson2019-04-03T12:06:00ZNew entries to the "Liste"marie-luise lakmannhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=12981042019-04-02T08:42:56Z2019-04-01T09:40:00Z<p>Since June 2018, when <a href="http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/service/kurzgefasste_Liste_Juni_2018.pdf">the most recent supplement to the Liste</a> was circulated, we have added 11 new manuscripts to the Liste. They are as follows:</p> <p>2937<br /> Gospels with commentary<br /> 10th century<br /> Parchment<br /> 263 leaves<br /> 1 column, 35 lines<br /> Size: 24 x 20<br /> Location: Alexandria, Greek Patriarchate, 122</p> <p>2938<br /> John 2:14-24<br /> 10th/11th century<br /> Parchment<br /> 1 folio<br /> 1 column, 19 lines<br /> Size: 20.9 x 15.9<br /> Location: Waltham, MA, Tufts University, Welch Collection, AC.40.17</p> <p>2939<br /> Gospels (incomplete)<br /> 11th century<br /> Parchment and paper<br /> 199 leaves<br /> 1 column, 23-24 lines<br /> Size: 17.5 x 14.5<br /> Location: Weimar, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek, Q 743</p> <p>2940<br /> Mt 28:1-20<br /> 11th/12th century<br /> Parchment<br /> 2 folios<br /> 1 column, 18 lines<br /> Size: 22.9/23.3 x 15.1/9<br /> Location: Athens, National Library, 4189, fol. 184-185</p> <p>L2477<br /> Greek-Arabic Gospel lectionary<br /> 1592?<br /> Paper<br /> 277 leaves<br /> Column and lines are unknown<br /> Size: 27 x 18<br /> Location: Alexandria, Greek Patriarchate, 290</p> <p>L2478<br /> John 6:42-44, 48-54; 15:17-16:2, from a majuscule lectionary<br /> 10th century<br /> Parchment<br /> 2 leaves, used as flyleaves for l797<br /> 2 columns, 17 lines<br /> Size: 27.9 x 20.7<br /> Location: Alexandria, Greek Patriarchate, 56 (flyleaves of l797)</p> <p>L2479<br /> Gospel lectionary<br /> 13th century<br /> Parchment<br /> 271 leaves<br /> 2 columns, 25-27 lines<br /> Size: 30 x 21.8<br /> Location: Alexandria, Greek Patriarchate, 108</p> <p>L2480<br /> Majuscule Gospel lectionary (esk) (incomplete)<br /> 10th century<br /> Parchment<br /> 48 leaves<br /> 2 columns, 25-26 lines<br /> Size: 25.5/8 x 19/19.3<br /> Location: Weimar, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek, Fol. 531</p> <p>L2481<br /> Gospel lectionary<br /> 11th/12th century<br /> Parchment<br /> 1 leaf<br /> 2 columns, 17(?) lines<br /> Size: 18 x 24.5<br /> Location: Weimar, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek, Q 738</p> <p>L2482<br /> Gospel lectionary (e)<br /> 11th/12th century<br /> Parchment<br /> 220 leaves<br /> 2 columns, 21 lines<br /> Size: 27.5 x 21/22<br /> Location: Weimar, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek, Fol. 532</p> <p>L2483<br /> Gospels and Apostolos lectionary (select readings)<br /> 16th/17th century<br /> Paper<br /> 60 leaves<br /> 1 column, 24-25 lines<br /> Size: 20.2/3 x 14.5/6<br /> Location: Athens, National Library, 4174, fol. 104-163</p> <p>Thanks to Hugh Houghton for pointing out GA numbers 2937, L2477, L2478, and L2479. These new manuscripts were discovered through the European Research Council-funded CATENA project. New shelf numbers for 904, 1302, 2206, and L1310 have also been updated, thanks to Hugh. These will be further described in his forthcoming article with Mina Monier “Greek Manuscripts in Alexandria.”</p> <p>Thanks to Dan Wallace and CSNTM for pointing out GA numbers 2940 and L2483. They also identified portions of other manuscripts that are supplements. Accordingly, notes in the Liste have been added for 763, 897, and 2528.</p>marie-luise lakmann2019-04-01T09:40:00ZHow to Index Manuscripts on the VMRGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=12809862019-02-06T15:30:11Z2019-01-21T10:53:00Z<p style="text-align: center;"><u>Introduction</u></p> <p>This post will briefly explain indexing in the Virtual Manuscript Room (VMR) and why it is important. Simply put, indexing is recording the biblical contents of each page of a manuscript in the VMR. After a manuscript has been indexed, it is possible to scroll through its pages and see what the contents of each page are; thus indexing is an essential first step in being able to transcribe a manuscript and provides an important service for users of the VMR around the world.</p> <p> </p> <p>The gadget on the <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/home">VMR homepage</a> displays the progress of indexing, as well as image uploading and transcribing.</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index96.jpg/c0e7cdff-ac7b-466c-af1d-d227e8b089df?t=1549103322903" /></p> <p>According to this gadget, the percentages of manuscript pages already indexed are:</p> <p>Papyri: 95.15%</p> <p>Majuscules: 79.31%</p> <p>Minuscules: 17.70%</p> <p>Lectionaries: 1.30%</p> <p>Total: 12.42%</p> <p>A total of 265,711 pages of manuscripts have been indexed, but this is only 12.42% of the total number of pages (this is an approximation of the total number of pages of Greek New Testament manuscripts). As you can see, much more work remains to be done! Indexing is open to everyone. Before you can start you must sign up for a VMR account. Signing up is free and will enable your work to be saved.</p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><u>How to Index</u></p> <p>Let’s say, for example, a manuscript begins with the Gospel of Matthew. The first page of this manuscript could start with Matthew chapter one, verse one, and the first page may end with verse seven. We would then index this page as “Matt 1:1-7.”</p> <p> </p> <p>The next page of this manuscript would continue either with the rest of verse seven or begin with verse eight and it might also contain, say, seven verses. If so, we would index this page as either “Matt 1:7-13” or “Matt 1:8-14.”</p> <p> </p> <p>Now, let’s move on to a real example!</p> <p> </p> <p>To begin indexing, go to the <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de">VMR homepage</a> and then click on “Indexing.”</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index1.jpg/f59740ca-12c6-4b97-a3b2-28e41927ce19?t=1548068283720" /></p> <p> </p> <p>Here you are prompted to enter the Document ID of the manuscript you want to work on. (See <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/how-to-view-greek-new-testament-manuscripts-in-the-vmr">here for an explanation of “Document ID” and how to view manuscripts in the VMR</a>).</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index2.jpg/836e4f9c-af70-4e4a-b255-12a95691d00a?t=1548068291057" /></p> <p> </p> <p>If you don’t know the Document ID, you can type in the GA number, wait for a drop down list of manuscripts that match the number, and then click on the manuscript you want.</p> <p> </p> <p>If you type in 20001, for example, and click on it, it brings you to the indexing page of Codex Sinaiticus. If you look at PageID 40 (which is folio 200r of the manuscript), you can see in the Index Coverage field that the contents have already been recorded, which is the inscriptio for Matthew as well as the entire first chapter and the first five verses of chapter two.</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index3.jpg/40e26f6c-2962-4ff9-9d9b-8289e4bdc8a1?t=1548068298051" /></p> <p> </p> <p>The next page picks up where the previous one left off, with Matthew 2:6.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index4.jpg/252b8c28-e2f1-409f-8002-d4eb70ee1412?t=1548068303624" /></p> <p>Standard abbreviations for biblical books should be used here (e.g. Rom, Gal, Eph, Phil), and books with a number in the name like 1 Corinthians have no space in their abbreviation: 1Cor. Here is a list of books with their abbreviations:</p> <p> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%"> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:500px;" width="801"> <colgroup> <col width="379" /> <col width="379" /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p><b>Book Name</b></p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p><b>Abbreviation in VMR</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Matthew</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Matt</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Mark</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Mark</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Luke</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Luke</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>John</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>John</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Acts</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Acts</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Romans</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Rom</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>1 Corinthians</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>1Cor</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>2 Corinthians</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>2Cor</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Galatians</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Gal</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Ephesians</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Eph</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Philippians</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Phil</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Colossians</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Col</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>1 Thessalonians</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>1Thess</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>2 Thessalonians</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>2Thess</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>1 Timothy</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>1Tim</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>2 Timothy</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>2Tim</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Titus</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Titus</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Philemon</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Phlm</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Hebrews</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Heb</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>James</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Jas</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>1 Peter</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>1Pet</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>2 Peter</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>2Pet</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>1 John</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>1John</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>2 John</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>2John</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>3 John</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>3John</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Jude</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Jude</p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Revelation</p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0in 0.08in" width="379"> <p>Rev</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%"> </p> <p> <style type="text/css">p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; } </style> After the book name comes a space, then chapter number, colon, and the verse spread with a hyphen, e.g. Rom 1:20-25. Each new image must always have the book name and chapter; you cannot just add the next set of verses. If the image contains text from two chapters, you will need to repeat the book name, for example, you can see here that the next chapter of Matthew has repeated information after a semi-colon, Matt 2:6-23; Matt 3:1-7. If a verse spans two pages, index it on both images.</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%"> </p> <p>To save the information you have added, click on the Save button <img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index99.jpg/b5c5802a-43d6-457d-860f-c42dba3e9161?t=1549100741456" />. Then move onto the next image, and so on.</p> <p> <style type="text/css">p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; }a:link { color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: underline; } </style> </p> <p> </p> <p>Now let’s view a manuscript that has not yet been completely indexed, for example, GA 2884. Go to the <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/indexing?docID=32884&pageID=40">indexing page of 2884</a> and then click on an image. After clicking on an image, your web browser should have opened a new window with the image. If no new window opened, check your browser’s settings so that it allows pop-ups (at least for the VMR site).</p> <p> </p> <p>To index the page that popped-up, look at the first several words to see where it begins and the last several words to see where it ends. For example, with GA 2884, PageID 40, the first words are αραμ αραμ δε εγεννησε.</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index98.jpg/a2a486e8-3901-4487-ba9f-4da91725985e?t=1549100990460" /></p> <p>The first instance of αραμ here is the last word of Matt 1:3, and the second αραμ is the first word of Matt 1:4. So, we know the indexing of this page begins with Matt 1:3. Now we need to determine what verse the page ends with. The last few words are οζιας δε εγε. This is the beginning of Matt 1:9 (the rest of the final word “εγεννησε” continues on to the next page). Therefore, we can index this page as Matt 1:3-9.</p> <p> </p> <p>While indexing, the next page automatically picks up where the previous one left off. Check carefully whether the next page continues with the rest of the verse (e.g. verse 9) or begins with the next one (e.g. verse 10) and change the indexing accordingly.</p> <p> </p> <p>If a page has inscription (e.g. "The Gospel according to Matthew") or subscription, index it as "Matt inscriptio" or "Matt subscriptio." Make sure that the inscriptio stands before the first verse 1:1, and the subcriptio after the last verse of the text.</p> <p> </p> <p>If there are text of several wrintings of the New Testament on one page, e.g. John then Mark, index them in the order that they appear on the page.</p> <p> </p> <p> <style type="text/css">p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; }a:link { color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: underline; } </style> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Searching for Text</u></p> <p>Admittedly, it is not always easy to determine the contents of a page. For example, manuscripts that are incomplete may begin with the middle of a book. So how can you index a page if you don’t (yet) have the entire Greek New Testament memorized?</p> <p> </p> <p>The tool “Bible Viewer” on the right-hand column of the Indexing page can assist with this. There are two options here: (1) “Chapter” where you can type in any verse (e.g. Rom 10:3) and see the Greek text of the NA28; and (2) “Search” where you can type in words to try and find a verse that matches.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index5.jpg/ca3f5acb-6cc6-46fb-b043-dc8c34c7e137?t=1548068309215" /></p> <p>Using “Search,” you can type (in Unicode Greek) a word (or more) from the page you want to index and see what the results are. Using the above example, if you type αραμ δε εγεννησε, the results are Matt 1:3 and Matt 1:4.</p> <p> </p> <p>If you type just δε, for example, you will get too many results to find the right verse, and the “Search” feature will not display more than 100 results. This can be especially tricky when you are trying to index a manuscript that is difficult to read and perhaps only such common words are easily visible.</p> <p> </p> <p>Try to select less frequently used words, if possible, but also keep in mind that you might be typing in an orthographic spelling or a variant that is not in the main text of the NA28. In this case, you might not get any results at all and you will need to find other words to use as a marking place.</p> <p> </p> <p>If you are indexing a commentary manuscript, first make sure to ascertain what part is the biblical text. Searching for words of the commentary will not give you the correct results.</p> <p> <style type="text/css">p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; }a:link { color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: underline; </style> </p> <p> </p> <p>If you are proceeding page by page in a continuous text manuscript, there will be no need to keep using the “Chapter” or “Search” tool. You will already know at the end of one page where the next begins.</p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Correcting Indexing</u></p> <p>If you make a mistake and need to correct a page that you’ve indexed, simply enter in the correct information on the Indexing page. If you come across an indexed page of a manuscript that you didn’t index yourself (see image below), you cannot change this.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index8.jpg/d6baa5f3-ff90-49d7-816d-345be130ce6f?t=1548068320393" /></p> <p> </p> <p>If you notice incorrect indexing, please write a message in the forum (see image below) and provide the correct indexing in your comment. Someone will correct it.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index9.jpg/1d99eb89-c6a4-4729-bf72-8362bb58db00?t=1548068326595" /></p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Adding Folio Numbers</u></p> <p>While indexing the biblical contents for each page, you should also enter the corresponding folio numbers. After the folio number, add an "r" (for recto, on the right) or a "v" (for verso, on the left, the reverse of the page). Occasionally manuscripts are numbered sequentially with a page number for each side. In this case, these should be numbered sequentially to match. It can often be helpful to browse through the manuscript to look at any other pages that have already been indexed to see how these page numbers have been indexed and try to match them. Some manuscripts have two sets of numbering, so again, check what has already been indexed and try to follow the numbering already being used. If you are still unsure how to count folios with recto and verso, just leave the field blank.</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index10.jpg/50b8b573-639d-4c3b-82d2-bd11c2ee4635?t=1548068332789" /></p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Identifying Features</u></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%">You also have the option to mark certain features found on the page, for example, if a manuscript is illuminated, has a colophon or a commentary text. These are found by clicking on the black triangle in the image below. You can hover your curser over each box to see what the abbreviations stand for. In the example below, folio 105r of GA 1253 has been marked as having a headpiece (i.e. illustration at the beginning of the book) and a commentary text.</p> <p> <style type="text/css">p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; }a:link { color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: underline; } </style> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/index95.jpg/cd159198-bee6-4ff8-9842-c0004d0bb2f7?t=1549104735510" /></p> <p> </p> <p>Any blank pages and pages that have no biblical content to index should be marked as "NoIdx" even if the page also has another feature, such as "CaTa" (canon tables) or "KeLi" (kephalaia list). It may be necessary to tick more than one feature for some pages.</p> <p> </p> <p>If you checkmark "ComTx" (i.e. a commentary text marker for commentary manuscripts), this will also automatically tick the "NoIdx" box, which will then need to be unticked if any entry is made in the Index Coverage box. Here is an indexed paged of a commentary manuscript, GA 1253, as an example of what the indexing could look like when viewed in Manuscript Workspace when a commentary page has no biblical content (i.e. folio 104r) and when it has both biblical content and commentary (i.e. 105r):</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index97.jpg/a753c4a0-6ab7-4b74-aab6-91f830dc3fc4?t=1549101979460" /></p> <p> </p> <p>You may come across an animated dancing cow when you are on the Indexing page. This means there is no content to index, as seen here for the <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/indexing?docID=20005&pageID=150">Latin pages of Codex Bezae (GA 05)</a>.</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index94.jpg/c3e72beb-ee4b-4958-b45f-478dbb130726?t=1549417463558" /></p> <p> </p> <p> <style type="text/css">p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; }a:link { color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: underlin </style> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Which Manuscripts Need to Be Indexed?</u></p> <p>If you are working on one of the ECM projects, you should be given a list of manuscripts to work on for your project. If you are working on your own project, however, the choice of manuscripts is up to you! Whatever you index will be available for everyone to see, and what others have indexed is available for you to see.</p> <p> </p> <p>In <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/indexingstatus">Indexing Status</a>, <img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Index92.jpg/033baf32-0a28-4826-9475-0886fb3cade5?t=1549418305480" />you can find a list of all manuscripts that have not been completely indexed yet. You may claim responsibility for indexing a manuscript if you want.</p> <p> </p> <p> <style type="text/css">p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; }a:link { color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: underline; } </style> </p> <p>We hope you enjoy contributing to indexing and that you also benefit from the work others have done. Have fun and don’t hesitate to ask questions in <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/forum">the VMR forum</a> if you get stuck!</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Thank you to Amy Myshrall (ITSEE Birmingham) and the staff at the INTF for their helpful suggestions and additions to this post!</em></p>Greg Paulson2019-01-21T10:53:00ZHow to View Greek New Testament Manuscripts in the VMRGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=12726052022-03-04T15:13:59Z2018-12-14T12:47:00Z<p>For those who are new to the VMR or just getting started, there are several ways to find a Greek New Testament manuscript in the VMR.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Option 1: Liste</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center;"> </p> <p>A first option would be to click on the <a href="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/">VMR Homepage</a>. From the Homepage, click on “Liste” in the left-hand column.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Liste1.jpg/3d9f1bcd-bb1b-455e-ad5d-335575217c19?t=1544791856588" /></p> <p> </p> <p>The first field here is called “Manuscript Num.”</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Liste2.jpg/23a8649c-4761-4f2a-9828-7d59105ef9df?t=1544791864399" /></p> <p> </p> <p>There are two options: search by “Name” or by “ID”.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Liste3.jpg/c82d0b49-d1eb-4a72-8c7c-08eb455c1d53?t=1544791873022" /></p> <p> </p> <p>If you are familiar with the Gregory-Aland (GA) numbers and know the GA number of the manuscript you are looking for, simply type that number under “Name” and then hit enter (or scroll down to the “Search” button).</p> <p> </p> <p>The label is called “Name” instead of “Gregory-Aland number” because many manuscripts in the VMR, such as Coptic or Latin manuscripts, do not have a GA number but instead have their own unique identification system. We intend for the label “Name” to be generic enough to include all manuscripts, no matter the cataloguing system.</p> <p> </p> <p>Lists of GA numbers can be found in the <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/intfblog/-/blogs/what-is-the-kurzgefass"><em>Kurzgefasste Liste</em></a>, the Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, and the United Bible Societies Greek New Testament, among other places.</p> <p> </p> <p>If you want to look at images of Codex Sinaiticus, for example, type “01” as the “Name” (typing “Sinaiticus” as the name will not pull up the manuscript).</p> <p> </p> <p>Each manuscript is given a unique ID number in the VMR. Codex Sinaiticus, for example, has the ID 20001. The ID number is primarily for use within the VMR program, and we do not advocate using it to identify these manuscripts outside of the VMR. That said, if you wanted to locate a manuscript by its ID number in the VMR, you would enter a 5-digit number, entering 1 for a papyrus, 2 for a majuscule, 3 for a minuscule, or 4 for a lectionary, and then zeros if space allows, then its Gregory-Aland number. So, papyrus P52 would be entered as 10052. Minuscule 2926 would be entered as 32926. Lectionary L844 would be entered as 40844.</p> <p> </p> <p>After you’ve entered a number and hit enter (or scrolled down and clicked “Search”), the left-hand column displays the ID, then its corresponding Name—or GA number if available. The origin date and number of pages are also shown. Clicking on any one manuscript will display further information about it in the right-hand column.</p> <p> </p> <p>Finally, to view images, click on the Document ID at the top of the right-hand column.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Image7.jpg/af4e7419-2df6-4b3a-b7f2-92a3579b4d0e?t=1544791897060" /></p> <p> </p> <p>This will open a new tab where you can scroll through images.</p> <p> </p> <p>If you don’t see any images, don’t worry—unfortunately, not every manuscript has images on the VMR yet, but we are working on uploading more. Some manuscripts are even indexed and transcribed (blog posts on these features will follow).</p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Option 2: Location</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>If you are not familiar with GA numbers, you can alternatively find a manuscript by its current (or last known) location.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Liste4.jpg/222f30d7-5830-4af9-85be-2c769148886d?t=1544791879371" /></p> <p> </p> <p>Let’s start by clicking on the Liste page again. You make your search by selecting the “Current Country”, and/or “Place”, and/or “Institute.” After an institute is selected, you can browse its Greek New Testament manuscripts in the field “Shelf Num.”</p> <p> </p> <p>For example, select Germany, Münster, and Bibelmuseum. The fields will look like this.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Liste5.jpg/b70190f3-7af1-443a-b7c5-2e258d2a2052?t=1544791885241" /></p> <p> </p> <p>After you scroll down and click on “Search”, the results will look like this.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Image6.jpg/7107123a-38df-45f8-85d7-5fa76cb6a484?t=1544791891350" /></p> <p> </p> <p>You can see there were 22 results. You can scroll through the selection and find the manuscript you are interested in. Click on a manuscript, and then click on the Document ID at the top of the right-hand column to view images (if there are images), as explained above.</p> <p> </p> <p>You can also limit your search results to only manuscripts that have images available online by checking the box for “Images”.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Image10.jpg/25c02ac2-5afa-4f94-8bf9-444c695f1d72?t=1544791914403" /></p> <p> </p> <p>You can also select all manuscripts that have “Transcriptions”.</p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Option 3: Manuscript Workspace</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>There is another option for finding images of manuscripts on the VMR. Instead of starting on the “Liste” page, start on the “Manuscript Workspace” page.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Image8.jpg/556af6d8-c2c5-4d93-a149-244234513832?t=1544791902561" /></p> <p> </p> <p>This will bring you to a new window where you are given the option to find manuscripts by their “Name” or “ID,” as described above. Type in the manuscript you want, then either hit enter or click the round search icon.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Image9.jpg/b915f93b-a712-49f9-8a8a-189679ae3c13?t=1544791908737" /></p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Option 4: Browse</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>One last way to find a manuscript is simply to browse through the different categories of manuscripts. From “Manuscript Workspace<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">”</span> there is an option that says “Browse.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">”</span> Clicking on “Browse<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">”</span> will reveal a menu with further options to click on. As you can see, you are given options for other manuscripts besides just Greek.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Image11.jpg/8e3c929c-5630-46cf-8ec0-382fc8d9a533?t=1545133515070" /></p> <p> </p> <p>That’s all there is to it.</p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Further Information and Expert Access</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>As mentioned above, not only are images of manuscripts available through the VMR but also basic information about them such as the date, holding institute, physical size, material of the manuscript, and what the contents are. The VMR offers many other ways to do specialized searches, such as finding all manuscripts of the Gospel of John or all manuscripts from the 4th century. We are also compiling bibliographies for each manuscript to assist researchers with the latest information.</p> <p> </p> <p>We are privileged to have been given permission to host images from many universities and libraries around the world. However, due to agreements with certain holding institutions, we may not be allowed to display images of manuscripts from certain collections, or we may only be given restricted access. Some images will prompt you to send an email to make a request for <strong>Expert Access</strong>. This request system is not automated for us, and several staff members receive these emails and must review them before permission can be granted. Sometimes this can be done on the same day but sometimes not. If we haven’t answered your request within a few days, please feel free to follow up.</p> <p> </p> <p>Our goal with the VMR is to provide access to images of New Testament manuscripts in one convenient location to researchers around the world. We hope you will play around with the VMR to see what else it can do! There will be more introductory posts in the future about working with manuscripts on the VMR.</p>Greg Paulson2018-12-14T12:47:00ZHow to Index Lectionaries on the NT.VMRGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=12618012018-11-12T11:35:51Z2018-11-08T14:03:00Z<p>There are many useful features on the VMR that some users may not know about. One feature, which was added about a year ago, is lectionary indexing. While the complex structure of lectionaries makes them inherently difficult to index, this new feature hopes to facilitate this process.</p> <p>In the VMR, manuscripts are indexed page by page, which makes sense for continuous text manuscripts. Because lectionaries are organized by lections, this can make indexing less than straightforward. Ideally, it would be feasible to index the contents of the page as well as the lection(s) on each page—even when they fall on more than one page.</p> <p>Let’s take <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=40547">L547</a> as an example. In the NT.VMR, f. 9v suppl. (Page Id 210) of L547 contains Mark 16:5-8 and John 4:46-52, which encompass the end of one lection and the beginning of another. The middle of the page contains information that signals the beginning of a new lection.</p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/2+L547.jpg/8f075dfd-19d3-4e41-bf67-7e9a1f593393?t=1541687469171" /></p> <p> </p> <p>In the image above, the reading that begins in the middle of the page is for the 2nd day (τη Β) of the 3rd week (της Γ) and is from John (Ιω). The reading begins with a typical incipit (which often replaces words), τω καιρω εκεινω, and then continues with Jn 4:46: ην τις βασιλικος. This lection falls in what is called synaxarion period 1, which contains readings from Easter to Pentacost. (For more on the calendar system in lectionaries, see the works listed below.)</p> <p>The lection continues to the next page of the manuscript and ends with verse 54. Therefore, we have identified the lection for synaxarion period 1 (S1), week 3 (W3), the 2nd day of the week (WD2), as John 4:46-54. After this information is entered in the VMR (explained below), it is displayed in red on the page where the lection begins.</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/3+L547.jpg/024c8034-e1b3-4dd9-ad75-347c0f6cd87c?t=1541687497351" /></p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><u>How to record lection headings</u></p> <p>The lection details are recorded as a manuscript feature in the VMR. To do this, hover your curser at the bottom of the window and a tab will pop up with the option to “Add Feature”.</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/3.jpg/a2f7dbe5-5e92-4e0f-980c-d76b3912a024?t=1541687547296" /></p> <p>Here, select “Lection Identifier” under the heading “Liturgical”.</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/4..jpg/81ebf826-7e7c-4647-add2-d0926432bd5b?t=1541687579319" /></p> <p>In general, Greek New Testament lectionaries are comprised of two sections: the synaxarion (the moveable church calendar) and the menologion (the fixed annual calendar beginning with September). Whereas the synaxarion is organized by periods, weeks, and days of the week, the menologion is organized by months and days of the month.</p> <p>After clicking on "Liturgical Identifier", the VMR offers two main options for lectionary indexing under “Lection Type”. The default is “Synaxarion” but changing it to “Menologion” will offer a different set of fields.</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/5.1.jpg/aab991ab-bfbe-4aef-8b5a-039ad5755110?t=1541689007505" /></p> <p><em>The most important information to enter for the synaxarion is the <strong><u>period</u></strong></em> (S)<em>, <strong><u>week</u></strong></em> (W)<em>, and <strong><u>day</u></strong></em> (WD)<em>, as well as the “<strong><u>Biblical Content</u></strong>” for the lection</em>. Taking the example above from L547, you can see that there is no explicit indication on that folio for which synaxarion period this lection is. But we do know what the biblical contents are and that the day is “2” and the week is “3”. In light of this information, we can check a lection guide (more on this below) and easily ascertain that this is period “1”. In the “Biblical Content” field, we simply type “Jn 4:46-54”.</p> <p><em>The most crucial information to enter for indexing the menologion is the <strong><u>month</u></strong> </em>(M)<em> and <strong><u>day</u></strong></em> (D)<em>, as well as the “<strong><u>Biblical Content</u></strong>” for the lection</em>. (There is no synaxarion period in the menologion.)</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/6.1.jpg/8eb0e161-27be-46ec-84f8-0a65e7bbc5d8?t=1541689041241" /></p> <p>Remember, you must refresh the page in order for the lection identifier to appear!</p> <p>That's it. These are the basics of lectionary indexing on the VMR.</p> <p>For those wishing to delve deeper, it is possible to record even more information than what we’ve discussed so far. Concerning the use of lectionaries in church, you can select which <u>service</u> a lection was read in (e.g. vespers, liturgy, hours), which <u>reading of the day</u> (reading: 1st, 2nd, etc.), the <u>reading type</u> (Gospels, Apostolos, prokeimenon, alleluia), and which <u>tone</u> it was sung in (e.g. tone 1, tone 1 plagal). The Menologia in particular are often read in remembrance of a saint, for festivals, dedications, or other special occasions. If this information can be gathered from the manuscript, it can be typed in the “<u>Commemoration</u>” field.</p> <p>There is also the option to record the pericope number, but this may be more commonly found in continuous text manuscripts that have liturgical headings. For example, in <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=30035">GA 35</a> f. 26v (Page Id 640) you can see the numbers λ (30) and λα (31) <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">in the margin.</span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/10.jpg/5a1156aa-e57d-49b6-8675-bcb85d46bde7?t=1541687672068" /></p> <p>While pericopes are numbered sequentially in continuous text manuscripts, the two lections on the image above are designed to be read weeks apart. (Not to mention that pericope 31 is read prior to 30!) When the same type of information appears more than once on a single page, such as with two lections, you can select the same feature again after you have entered the information in the first time. After this is recorded for this page of GA 35, the lection identifiers are displayed in the indexing column, as described above.</p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/12.jpg/5cfb4c03-244f-4735-825c-5f2027140b9e?t=1541750345341" /></p> <p>As you can see here, the pericope numbers are not displayed but are found rather with the full indexing information <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">in the pop up menu at the bottom of the page.</span></p> <p><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/11.jpg/b621cf2c-c4e6-4369-a3f2-e8cadc7f50e7?t=1541687768235" /></p> <p>The VMR is versatile and is capable of capturing practically any information from manuscripts so long as the parameters of the information can be provided. If you have not looked into “Add Features” yet, you might be surprised at the options there.</p> <p>You can also get <em>search results</em> for manuscripts that have information recorded for certain features. When you are in the <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste">online <em>Liste</em></a>, simply select a feature from the “Has Feature” field and see what you find. For example, select “Purple Parchment” under “Physical Attributes” and then click search. The results will display all manuscripts in the <em>Liste</em> that are written on purple parchment. Keep in mind, though, that not all manuscripts have had all of their features recorded. We are only in the infancy stages of capturing this information.</p> <p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">In closing, lectionaries are an oft neglected witness to the Greek New Testament with great potential to shine new light on the New Testament text and its transmission. We hope to offer a promising platform on the NT.VMR for recording and organizing basic information about lectionaries so we can obtain a better understanding of these important books used by Christians throughout the centuries.</span></p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><u>For More Information</u></p> <p>If you are new to lectionaries and want to learn more, a great place to begin is:</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">Carroll Osburn, “The Greek Lectionaries of the New Testament,” in <em>The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis</em>, ed. Bart D. Ehrman and Michael Holmes (2nd edn; Leiden: Brill, 2013), 93–113.</p> <p> </p> <p>For more detail about the lection system see:</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">Sergei Ovsiannikov, “The paschal spiral and different types of Byzantine and Slavonic lectionaries,” in <em>A Catalogue of Byzantine Manuscripts in Their Liturgical Context: Challenges and Perspectives: Collected Papers Resulting from the Expert Meeting of the Catalogue of Byzantine Manuscripts Programme Held at the PThU in Kampen, the Netherlands on 6th-7th November 2009</em>, ed. Klaas Spronk, Gerard Rouwhorst, and Stefan Royé (Brepols: Turnhout, Belgium, 2013), 117–152.</p> <p> </p> <p>For a more in-depth discussion of the importance of researching the synaxarion and menologion systems, see:</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/37008001/A_Proposal_for_a_Critical_Edition_of_the_Greek_New_Testament_Lectionary">Gregory S. Paulson, “A Proposal for a Critical Edition of the Greek New Testament Lectionary,” in <em>Liturgy and the Living Text of the New Testament: Papers from the Tenth Birmingham Colloquium on the Textual Criticism of the New Testamen</em>t, ed. Hugh Houghton (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2018), 121–150</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Guides for Lectionary Indexing</u></p> <p>Lists of Gospel and Apostolos lections from both the synaxarion and menologion can be found on pages 343–386 in the first volume of:</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href="https://archive.org/details/textkritikdesne00greggoog/page/n355">Caspar René Gregory, <em>Textkritik des Neuen Testamentes</em> (Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1900–1909)</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p>For easy-to-use charts of Gospel lections from the synaxarion and menologion, see:</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>Pinakes of the Byzantine Synaxarion & Menologion Anagnosmata. Liturgical substrata of Biblical and Patristic anagnosmata as found in Evangelion, Apostolos, Prophetologion, Panegyrikon and other Byzantine codices</em>, Part I: Evangelion Anagnosmata, by the Editors of the Catalogue of Byzantine Manuscripts Programme (Kampen: Brepols, 2009).</p> <p> </p> <p>There is also the IGNTP guide that has synaxarion and menologion readings for the Gospels:</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href="http://cal-itsee.bham.ac.uk/itseeweb/igntp/resources/FullLectionaryIndex.txt">Full Lectionary Index</a></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">See <a href="http://cal-itsee.bham.ac.uk/itseeweb/igntp/documents.html">here</a> for other IGNTP documents.</p> <p> </p> <p>For Apostolos readings in the synaxarion, see:</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">Samuel Gibson, <em>The Apostolos: The Acts And Epistles In Byzantine Liturgical Manuscripts</em>, TS 18 (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2018)</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;">Gibson’s lection charts can be downloaded <a href="http://www.epistulae.org/gibson">here</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p>The official lectionaries from the <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Greek Orthodox Church</span> (published by Apostoliki Diakonia) are also helpful to use as guides:</p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href="http://www.apostoliki-diakonia.com.gr/product-info.asp?language=2&products_id=184">Evangelion lectionary</a></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href="http://www.apostoliki-diakonia.com.gr/product-info.asp?language=2&products_id=182">Apostolos lectionary</a></p>Greg Paulson2018-11-08T14:03:00ZKeeping Track of ManuscriptsGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=12499392018-12-18T13:42:21Z2018-10-02T13:12:00Z<p><em>An update to this article has been added in italics on 18 Dec. 2018.</em></p> <p> </p> <p>It was reported this year that <a href="http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2018/08/museum-of-bible-and-repatriation-ga-2120.html">the Museum of the Bible (MOTB) is returning one of their manuscripts to a previous owner in Athens</a>. This is, of course, welcome news and is reminiscent of other similar situations.</p> <p><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=31424">GA 1424</a> (formerly Chicago Gruber 152), a 9th/10th century manuscript that is regarded as the earliest complete Greek New Testament in minuscule text, was recently voluntarily returned to Greece. Its recorded history can be traced back to at least 1885, when it was included by <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Athanasios Papadopoulos-Kerameus in his catalogue of the manuscripts at the Holy Monastery of Panagia Eikosifoinissa. This monastery is l</span>ocated in the mountains of the Serres region, of which Drama is the capital (the closest city to the monastery is called Kosinitza in Turkish, or Kormista in Greek). What the <em>Liste</em> refers to as 1424, was numbered 124 in the 1885 catalogue of the monastery. This manuscript was, however, looted from the monastery in March 1917, and subsequently remained in the US for nearly a century.</p> <p>In 2010, Nadezhda Kavrus-Hoffmann explained how the manuscript ended up in the Gruber collection in Chicago:</p> <p>"In 1917 all manuscripts were taken from the Kosinitza monastery by Bulgarians and transported to Sofia. Many manuscripts were eventually returned to Greece and are now in the National Library of Greece in Athens. But nearly three hundred manuscripts are still in Sofia, in the Ivan Dujcev Center for Slavo-Byzantine Studies. And an unknown number of Greek manuscripts and fragments found their way to European book dealers and are now dispersed throughout the world."</p> <p>Kavrus-Hoffmann continues,</p> <p>"Some of the former Kosinitza manuscripts were acquired by American collectors. A complete New Testament, Kosinitza 124 [i.e. GA 1424], came into the possession of Levi Franklin Gruber, who acquired the manuscript from Jacques Rosenthal, a Munich book dealer, in 1920. After Gruber’s death, his collection of rare books and manuscripts, including fourteen Greek manuscripts, was sold by his widow to the Chicago Lutheran Theological Seminary in Maywood, Illinois, where Gruber was president from 1926 to 1941. The Seminary joined three other Lutheran theological seminaries in 1962 and formed the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, which in 1967 moved to Hyde Park near the University of Chicago. The Gruber collection is now housed in a special room of the School’s Jesuit-Krauss-McCormick Library."[1]</p> <p>In correspondence with the INTF, President of the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago (LSTC), James Nieman, explains that 1424 may never have resided at the Maywood campus. It spent most of its time in Gruber’s private vault in a downtown Chicago bank and only came into the seminary’s possession via Gruber’s widow, likely in the late 1950s or early 1960s.</p> <p>At the end of 2016, in a ceremony of homecoming, it was voluntarily returned to Greece by LSTC and now resides again in the collection of the Holy Monastery of Panagia Eikosifoinissa.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/goarch/sets/72157675134295282/"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/30953490871_806e3a78ff_o.jpg/b79d69af-9fc6-4cf3-bf21-33b813d422e5?t=1538486422556" /></a></p> <p><em>Examining 1424. From left to right: Bishop Demetrios of Mokissos, ELCA Metropolitan Chicago Synod Bishop Wayne Miller, President of LSTC James Nieman, ELCA Presiding Bishop Elizabeth Eaton, Archbishop Demetrios of America, and Rev. Donald McCoid. Image courtesy of LSTC.</em></p> <p>Although some of the story about 1424 can be found online <a href="https://www.goarch.org/-/archbishop-demetrios-receives-9th-century-codex-1424-from-lutheran-school-of-theology-at-chicago">here</a>, one important detail was still missing that the INTF needed for the <em>Liste</em>: the shelf number at its current location. LSTC has been very helpful in this regard. Earlier this year, we contacted them to inquire about the shelf number. They forwarded our request to a liaison for the monastery, who then contacted the monastery and was able to ascertain this information for us. Thus, we are now able to record the current location and shelf number of 1424 as Kormista, Panagia Eikosifoinissa, Icosifinissis nr. 3 (3P).</p> <p>Similarly, in 2014, the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, CA willingly returned one of their manuscripts to Greece, known in the <em>Liste</em> as <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=30927">GA 927</a>. A 1960 report from Dionysiou Monastery, which was not made public at that time, recorded that manuscript number 8 was illegally removed from their premises. This manuscript was later acquired by the Getty Museum in 1983 "as part of a large, well-documented collection" and was subsequently given shelf identification <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Ludwig II 4</span>. After the missing manuscript from Dionysiou Monastery was discovered, the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports worked with the museum to help return it. Timothy Potts, director of the Getty Museum, said that returning the manuscript was "the right course of action." The Greek Minister of Culture and Sports, Panos Panagiotopoulos, noted: "The decision [to return the manuscript] also clearly demonstrates the respect the Getty Museum has for Greek cultural heritage and encourages us to continue to build and strengthen our collaborative relationship for the future."[2] The manuscript has returned home to Dionysiou Monastery and has taken its old shelf number 8 again.</p> <p>Although the purchase of a manuscript may be legal, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">if a manuscript is</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">discovered to have been taken illegally at some point, returning it to its rightful place </span>is not always straightforward. As we strive to keep the ever-changing <em>Liste</em> up to date, it is important to check holding institutions and online databases (such as <a href="http://pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr">Pinakes</a> and <a href="https://www.trismegistos.org">Trismegistos</a>) for the latest information. The best case scenario for completing this work is when holding institutions have digitized their manuscripts online and provided their own detailed information about their manuscripts. Normally when an institution already has images for public viewing online, we are granted permission for the NT.VMR to deep-link to them under a Creative Commons License. In updating the <em>Liste</em>, the fact that some monasteries or other holding institutions have no email or even phone number (let alone their own images of manuscripts) can often prove challenging. In some cases, we are lucky to even find a mailing address to request information about an institution’s manuscripts. We also rely on other researchers to inform us of new information and are very grateful to have been notified in many instances via the <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/forum">NT.VMR forum</a> about location changes or even newly discovered manuscripts.</p> <p>I mention the return of manuscripts to offer a quick behind the scenes look at the ongoing work of the INTF in its effort to update the <em>Liste</em> and to offer a centralized venue where these valuable artifacts can been seen and studied online.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Update 18 Dec. 2018 (HT: Dora Panella on facebook): <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/14/arts/design/princeton-eastern-orthodox-church.html">The New York Times writes that a law suit has been filed against Princeton University for return of manuscripts in their possession that were allegedly stolen from the Holy Monastery of Panagia Eikosifoinissa. A university spokesperson denies any wrong doing on behalf of Princeton in their acquisition of these manuscripts</a>. </em></p> <p> </p> <p>[1] "A New Testament Manuscript Produced in the Stoudios Scriptorium: Codex 152 in the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago," Thirty-Sixth Annual Byzantine Studies Conference, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, October 8-10, 2010.</p> <p>[2] "The J. Paul Getty Museum Announces the Return of a Byzantine Illuminated New Testament to Greece." <http://news.getty.edu/byzantine-manu-to-greece.htm>.</p>Greg Paulson2018-10-02T13:12:00ZAn Interactive Textual Commentary on ActsKlaus Wachtelhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=12453672018-09-17T09:16:41Z2018-09-14T08:12:00Z<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>The critical apparatus as a gateway to the sources</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Shortly after the ECM of Acts appeared in print in 2017, the INTF made the text and apparatus available online in the NT Transcripts section of the NTVMR <<a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/nt-transcripts">http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/nt-transcripts</a>>. If you enter a verse from Acts under “Quick Lookup,” you will see the ECM apparatus for this verse in the frame below. Let's take Acts 3:13 as an example.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/nt-transcripts?verse=Acts.3.13"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Act3%2C13.jpg/b963d743-4d20-4760-a431-b2f3d4bd63aa?t=1537012657038" /></a></span></p> <p>(Click on this image to access the live page)</p> <p> </p> <p>If you click on the number of any of the cited Greek manuscripts, the transcription of the relevant verse will appear in the frame to the right. If you want to see a photograph of the page containing this verse, click on the “Manuscript Workspace” link above the verse transcription and the photograph will appear in a separate window together with a full transcription of the page.</p> <p>Three links above the apparatus offer more materials. “Cit” will take you to the patristic citations for the selected verse, “VL” to line-by-line transcriptions of the Latin manuscripts selected for the Acts Vetus Latina project, and “Conjectures” to the conjectures for the verse as stored in the Amsterdam database.</p> <p>These features demonstrate the passways we are cultivating to transform the critical apparatus from a meager list of variants and witnesses into a gateway to the sources. Later this year, we will integrate line-by-line transcriptions of the Sahidic manuscripts, and sooner or later the Syriac and the Ethiopic will follow.</p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">In addition, the transcriptions of all Greek manuscripts included in the ECM of Acts, which comprises the main portion of the textual apparatus, are made available to the user.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">The textual commentary as a documentation of work on the text</span></strong></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">In the left margin of the online apparatus there are two symbols: a blue balloon and a circle with an arrow. Clicking on the balloon will take you to the Textual Commentary section of the NTVMR Forum. Each commentary printed in the Studies volume of ECM Acts was reproduced here. The arrow symbol is linked to the coherence diagrams for the relevant passage in the <em>Genealogical Queries</em> interface.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">A primary objective of the ECM is a reconstruction of the initial text of the manuscript tradition, which is not preserved as such in any of the extant copies. We apply the methodology of reasoned eclecticism to reconstruct the initial text. The textual commentary published in the Studies volume of ECM Acts documents this work. It discusses each passage where the reconstruction of the initial text differs from NA28/UBS5, and, secondly, where the decision was left open and the guiding line of the edition is split. Moreover, comments are given if the editors’ assessment needs additional explanation to supplement the guidelines laid down in the commentary introduction. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Reasoned eclecticism is based on pondering internal and external criteria. Ideally, the objective is to identify the variant that best explains the other(s) and, if applicable, that also accounts for relationships between secondary variants. In effect, the discussion will always be about reasons why one form of text is or is not likely to have been changed into another form. That means that the application of internal criteria is successful if <em>transcriptional probability</em> emerges for a <em>textual flow</em>—to use the CBGM term—from one to another variant. Therefore, the discussion of internal criteria is indicated by <strong>TP</strong>, if that part of the discussion is clearly separated from the other part, <strong>GC</strong> or <em>genealogical coherence</em>. What TP is for the internal criteria, GC is for the external criteria. Where there are variants, the genealogy of their witnesses will reflect the direction of textual flow, whether we are able to explain the relationships or not. The latter is often due to contamination and/or missing links. (Most of the manuscript tradition from the first millennium is lost.)</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/forum/-/message_boards/message/1160243">The commentary on Acts 3:13/8 is brief</a>. A mouse click on the blue balloon to the left of the apparatus will open the commentary in a separate window. There is just one sentence summarizing a complex picture offered by the <em>Genealogical Queries</em> site for the passage in question:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>GC</strong> suggests multiple emergence of <em>c</em> from <em>a</em>, while the attestation of <em>a</em> is perfectly coherent and includes a sufficiently broad range of <em>A</em>-related witnesses. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">A click on the blue arrow icon beside the apparatus takes us to the <a href="http://ntg.cceh.uni-koeln.de/acts/ph4/coherence#50313008">relevant lists and diagrams in <em>Genealogical Queries</em></a>.</span></p> <p><em>Apparatus</em>: One entry for each included witness. Exception: if the evidence is ambiguous, the witness is listed with a question mark for the respective alternatives (cf. 2344 b/c).</p> <p><a href="http://ntg.cceh.uni-koeln.de/acts/ph4/coherence#50313008"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/GQAct3%2C13.jpg/40bb69a8-bd83-459f-b38f-361d319b5b0c?t=1537013136837" /></a></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><em>Local Stemma</em>: <em>a</em> derives immediately from the initial text (*), <em>c</em> and <em>d</em> from <em>a</em>. A share of the <em>a</em> attestation (<em>a2</em>) does not fit this picture. For this share and for <em>b</em>, the source appears questionable.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><em>Coherence at Variant Passages</em> shows interrelations between witnesses in different attestations. To understand what it displays we have to turn to the next frame.</span></p> <p><a href="http://ntg.cceh.uni-koeln.de/acts/ph4/coherence#50313008"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/GQCAct3%2C13.jpg/206cfbe8-5f37-48d7-a59a-0a657232b108?t=1537013336895" /></a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><em>Coherence in Attestations</em> shows the textual flow diagram for a selected variant. By default this is <em>a</em>. If you go to <em>c</em>, you see a diagram showing poor genealogical coherence. Many witnesses not connected to each other have their closest relatives in the <em>a</em> attestation. Note how all the nodes in the <em>c</em> attestation with close relatives in <em>a</em> are connected to these relatives in <em>Coherence at Variant Passages</em> by arrows pointing from <em>a</em> to <em>c</em>.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">The point I want to make here is that the commentary notes on GC require the reader to consult the <em>Genealogical Queries</em> site to get the full picture. It is now easier to do this because <em>Genealogical Queries</em> is an integrated part of the online ECM.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">The commentary notes focus on the essential and are often very brief, in many cases reduced to the token “R1” or “R2.” This is possible because the guidelines and rules for assessing variants and their attestations are explained in the <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/commentary-intro"><em>Online Commentary Introduction</em></a> (and related publications cited there). The introduction is accessible via a link that appears above each online commentary.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">The textual commentary as a platform for scholarly discourse on the text</span></strong></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Any expert user of the NTVMR may reply briefly (there are “Like” and “Dislike” icons) or at length to an existing commentary. If someone publishes a reply, subscribers of the commentary section of the NTVMR forum will be notified. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Any registered expert user of the NTVMR may additionally register as a commentator, obtaining the right to open a new commentary thread on any passage of the online apparatus where there is no comment so far. To register as a commentator, send an email to <<a href="mailto:onlinecommentary@uni-muenster.de">onlinecommentary@uni-muenster.de</a>></span></p>Klaus Wachtel2018-09-14T08:12:00ZWhat is the Kurzgefasste Liste?Greg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=12386662022-02-20T11:59:48Z2018-08-18T11:11:00Z<p><u>Introduction</u></p> <p> </p> <p>One of the on-going projects the INTF is responsible for is the <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110877588/html"><em>Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des neuen Testaments</em></a>, commonly called the <em>Liste</em>.</p> <p> </p> <p>The <em>Liste</em> is a brief catalogue of all known Greek New Testament manuscripts. Although J.J. Wettstein was the first to create a systematic list of Greek manuscripts in 1751–52, the current system is credited to Caspar René Gregory. In his 1908 work, <a href="https://archive.org/details/diegriechischen00greggoog"><em>Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments</em></a>, Gregory separated manuscripts into four categories: papyri, majuscules, minuscules, and lectionaries. He also resolved other problems from older lists such as registering one number multiple times to refer to more than one manuscript.</p> <p> </p> <p>Following Gregory, the primary individuals who have kept the <em>Liste </em>up to date are: Ernst von Dobschütz, Georg Maldfeld, Bruce M. Metzger, and Kurt Aland, who then passed the <em>Liste</em> on to the INTF. Until Aland began working on the <em>Liste </em>in the 1950s, most of the publications after Gregory were updates and new additions to the <em>Liste</em>. In 1963, Aland published a comprehensive catalogue of Greek New Testament manuscripts, which was revised and published in 1994.</p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Junack+Liste+1963.jpg/e90b2143-fde5-4cf0-a977-77fd98258a8e?t=1534921864802" /></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><span style="color:#696969;"><em>Image: Klaus Junack's personal copy of the 1963 Liste, in which he wrote changes to contribute to the 1994 edition. </em></span></p> <p>For each manuscript in the <em>Liste</em>, a very basic profile is offered including information such as:</p> <ul> <li>a Gregory-Aland number</li> <li>the New Testament contents</li> <li>the manuscript’s date</li> <li>the material the manuscript is written on</li> <li>the number of pages</li> <li>the number of columns per page</li> <li>the number of lines of text per page</li> <li>the physical dimensions of the manuscript</li> <li>its current location along with an identification number at its current location</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>At the INTF, Aland amassed the world’s largest collection of Greek New Testament manuscripts on microfilm. This collection not only enabled manuscript details to be verified for the <em>Liste </em>but also provided the basis for other research projects at the INTF as well as for visiting researchers.</p> <p> </p> <p>Since Aland, care of the <em>Liste </em>has remained a priority for the INTF. Currently, Holger Strutwolf and the staff at the INTF have kept the <em>Liste</em> in an up-to-date format online in the New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room (NT.VMR): <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste">http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste</a></p> <p> </p> <p>An effort has been underway for years to digitize the INTF microfilms and upload them online on the NT.VMR so anyone can access them. Since these microfilms are black and white, one of the INTF’s current goals is to completely update the NT.VMR by uploading as many new digital images as possible online as well as to provide transcriptions. For example, images and a transcription of what is probably the world’s best known biblical manuscript, Codex Sinaiticus, can be seen <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=20001">here</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p>Presently, we are working intensively to update the <em>Liste</em>, a project supported by the Hermann Kunst Foundation and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). It is hoped that this endeavor will greatly benefit researchers around the world by providing access to state-of-the-art images and encouraging further scholarly collaboration.</p> <p> </p> <p><u>Basic Criteria for Adding a Manuscript to the <em>Liste</em></u></p> <p> </p> <p>How does a manuscript get added to the <em>Liste</em>? Although there are some exceptions, there are a few basic criteria when deciding if a manuscript should be added to the <em>Liste</em>: it must contain a portion of the New Testament and it must be written in Greek. Although a variety of ancient manuscripts could fit these two fundamental criteria, certain types of manuscripts are not normally included in the <em>Liste</em>, such as patristic writings or documentary papyri.</p> <p> </p> <p>Within the <em>Liste</em>, a few types of manuscripts are identified such as commentary manuscripts (e.g. <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=30186">186</a>). In addition, some categories of manuscripts are no longer included. For example, after Aland began working on the <em>Liste</em>, he discontinued adding amulets and ostraca to the <em>Liste</em>. Recently, there has been discussion about including them once again (see especially Brice C. Jones, <em>New Testament Texts on Greek Amulets from Late Antiquity</em> [Bloomsbury: London, 2016]).</p> <p> </p> <p>Further, a manuscript can have either a continuous text (that is, a sequential text such as Matthew chapter 1, chapter 2, and so on) or a non-continuous text (that is, a text that does not proceed in a literary sequence, but could have a passage of Mark, followed by a passage from Matthew, followed by a passage from John). The latter is commonly found in lectionaries, which are liturgical manuscripts that have daily readings for the church. In addition, other liturgical manuscripts like prayer books are included.</p> <p> </p> <p><u>Assigning Numbers to Manuscripts</u></p> <p> </p> <p>In an attempt to standardize and classify the manuscripts, each manuscript is assigned a unique number—a Gregory-Aland number—so it can be easily identified. These numbers fall into one of four categories.</p> <p> </p> <p>The first category has to do with the material the manuscript is written on. If written on papyrus, the manuscript is identified by “P” followed by a number (for example, <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=10052">P52</a>).</p> <p> </p> <p>The next two categories are based on the script of the manuscript: manuscripts written in majuscule are assigned numbers beginning with “0” (for example, <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=20032">032</a>) and minuscule manuscripts are just assigned a regular number (for example, <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=30001">1</a>).</p> <p> </p> <p>The fourth category has to do with the function of the manuscript, namely liturgical; these manuscripts are catalogued beginning with “<em>l</em>” followed by a number (for example, <a href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-workspace?docID=40358"><em>l</em>358</a>).</p> <p> </p> <p>This system is, however, not perfect. It is not always clear-cut how a manuscript should be classified—or if it should be included in the <em>Liste </em>at all. For example, 056—listed as a majuscule with a commentary text—has a majuscule biblical text but the commentary is in minuscule. There are also ongoing debates about the dates of certain manuscripts, and these are sometimes changed in the <em>Liste </em>based on current research. Codex Bezae (D 05), for example, was dated to the 6th century in Aland’s 1963 <em>Liste</em> but changed to 5th century in the 1994 edition of the <em>Liste</em>.</p> <p> </p> <p>Here is a flow chart highlighting the basic principles of the <em>Liste</em>, but keep in mind there are exceptions as to which manuscripts are included and how they are numbered.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"> </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/documents/420496/0/Folie03.jpg/b13353e4-375f-4cb9-9674-ae9df2155410?t=1534655889377" /></p> <p> </p> <p>In another post, we will explore the number of manuscripts recorded in the <em>Liste</em>.</p> <p> </p>Greg Paulson2018-08-18T11:11:00ZA New INTF Blog BeginsGreg Paulsonhttps://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/c/blogs/find_entry?p_l_id=728692&entryId=12377242018-08-13T12:19:08Z2018-08-13T11:17:00Z<p>The INTF has set up a new blog! Although we have featured blogs on our site before (as "Personal Blogs"), our newly implemented Liferay portlet called "Blog" aims to create a centralized portal for offering regular updates on the happenings of the institute and its projects as well as other things that are related (at least tangentially) to New Testament textual criticism.</p> <p> </p> <p>Just to offer one tidbit before our next post, in case you were unaware, there is a paleography database (compiled by Marie-Luise Lakmann) that may be useful for those of you who are transcribing Greek manuscripts: http://intf.uni-muenster.de/NT_PALAEO/. To get started, click on "Suche" on the left-hand column.</p>Greg Paulson2018-08-13T11:17:00Z